RAD FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION | LATEST ANSWERS 2023/2024 (100% VERIFIED)

Difference between receptor holder and Beam alignment device Ans- the RH only stabilizes the receptor. the BAI stabilizes and helps align the PID to the receptor which receptor holder is dispoabable Ans- stabe bite block what year were standards established for xray equip. Ans- 1974 film base is made of ? how thick? and its function? Ans- polyester plastic, 0.2 mm, supports the emulsion adhesive layer of film is located on which side? and purpose? Ans- both sides of film, attaches the emulsion to the base the emulsion is composed of Ans- homogenous mix of silver halide and gelatin. the 2 types of silver halide are Ans- AgBr (siliver bromide 80-90%) and AgI (silver iodide 1-10%) protective layer of film is? Ans- a thin transparent coating over the emulsion to protect it from manipulation / damage describe silver halide crystals positioned behind an amalgam restoration ? or behind air space? Ans- amalgam -less energized bc they recieve less radiation. air space - there is less density so there is more radiation recieved and crystals are highly energized which is used in intraoral xray film? Double emulsion or single emulsion ? Ans- double emulsion (emulsion on both sides) bc it requires less radiation exposuire WHAT ARE 3 FACTORS AFFECTING FILM SPEED (board question) Ans- 1. size of silv halide crystals (larger is faster) 2. thickness of emulsion 3. presence of radiosensitive dyes what are the tube side and label side of the outer film wrapping? Ans- TUBE SIDE : "white in sight" faces the teeth and tubehead and contains raised ID dot. LABEL SIDE has flap to open film packet F speed film requires ___ percent of the exposure time that D film used Ans- 60% optimal storage conditions for film are at what temperature and humidity level Anstemp : 50- 70 degrees ........30 to 50 % humidity. how does image sharpness compare with use of fast or slow speed films Ans- FAST = less sharp, big crystals. SLOW = more sharp, small crystals...... HINT TO REMEMBER : if a crackhead has large crystals they are bouncing off the walls so fast and they lose their mental sharpness. if they have only small crystals they wont be as hyper and will have more sharpness LOL compounds that change when exposed to light or radiation are termed Ans- halides invisble part of stored energy on a film is called Ans- latent image is a screen film more sensitive to fluroescent light or to xrays? Ans- flurescent light what device transfers xray energy into visible light Ans- intensifying screen INCREASED mA results in Ans- -INCREASED # OF XRAYS -INCREASED DENSITY (darker image) is duplicating film used intraorally or extraorally? Ans- NEITHER!!!! its used by itself in a dark room to make a copy of an exisiting radiograph. IT DOES NOT GET EXPOSED TO XRAYS!!!!! if exposure time increased how does it affect the NUMBER of xray photons Ans- also increases INCREASED kV RESULTS IN Ans- -xrays of HIGHER energy -INCREASED denisty (darker image) -LOW CONTRAST (more shades of gray) -long scale contrast increased exposure time results in Ans- icreased density (darkness) what is short scale and long scale contrast Ans- SHORT SCALE = high contrast, very black and white ..... LONG SCALE = low cont, many shades of gray what 3 factors influence sharpnes Ans- 1. FOCAL SPOT SIZE (smaller is sharper , think of a needle being sharper than something bigger liek a pencil ) 2.FILM COMPOSITION (smaller emulsion crystals are more sharp) 3. MOVEMENT (if pt moves image is blurry and not sharp) what is Penumbra ? when is it found in images? Ans- unsharpness / blurring of image around edges. PRESENT IN EVERY IMAGE TO A CERTAIN EXTENT. but images with a small focal spot have less Penumbra what type of object receptor alignment minimizes distortion Ans- being parallel how is SUBJECT THICKNESS (size of the patient) related to density Ans- -LESS SUBJ THICKNESS = small patient = more density = darker image -MORE THICKNESS = large patient, less density, lighter image how is magnification affected by target-receptor (determined by length of PID) and object-receptor (btwn tooth and film) distance? Ans- -INCREASED TARGET RECEPTOR (longer pid) = less magnification, INCREASED OBJECT RECEPTOR = more magnification. -hint :: for optimal image quality think of long target & short object. I think of how people would stand in a Long line at Target if an Object they want is on sale for a Short time. which angle of x ray beam alignment minimizes distortion Ans- the beam is perpendicular to the object and receptor compare 8 inch pid and 16 inch pid Ans- -8 INCH -16 INCH : less magnification a latent image remains invisible until when? AnsSelective reduction is when AnsDuring processing, a chemical reaction occurs, and the halide portion of the ____ silver halide crystal is removed. Ans- EXPOSED ENERGIZED The black metallic silver remains on the film as a result of a(n) ____ reaction. Ansreduction Which type of silver halide crystals are removed from the film? Ans- UNenergized UNexposed which statements are true/false : The developer initiates a chemical reaction that reduces the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver, but it leaves the unexposed silver halide crystals unaffected. Ans- both are true correct processing order for manual tanks? Ans- develop, rinse, fix. what stages is the emulsion softened and hardened Ans- softened : development......... hardeded: fixing Concentrated powder and liquid film processing solutions are mixed with ____ before use. Ans- distilled water film processing solutions must be REPLENISHED how often, and CHANGED how often? Ans- replenish daily, CHANGE 3 to 4 weeks ____ generates the black tones and the sharp contrast of the radiographic image. Anshydroquinone The optimal temperature for the developer solution is ____ degrees Fahrenheit. Ans68 Elon aka metol generates what shades? is it temp sensitive? Ans- grays, not temp sensitive The preservative used in developer solution is what? what does it prevent? Anssodium sulfite. prevents oxidizing in presence of air Which of the following chemicals is the accelerator in developer solution? what does it soften? Ans- sodium carbonate. it softens the gelatin Potassium bromide functions as which of the following components of ??? what is it stopping? developer solution? Ans- restrainer. ... stops development of Unexposed crystals more than exposed crystals. hint : for PB remember Peanut Butter, many kids are RESTRAINED from eating it pH in developer and fixer Ans- -DEVELOPER : basic, high -FIXER : acidic, low which ingredient in fixer is aka hypo Ans- sodium thiosulfate where is potassium alum found? what does it do Ans- only in fixer. not developer... it hardensand shrinks the gelatin The acidifier used in fixer solution is: Ans- acetic acid leaks of white light in dark room cause Ans- fog (lacks contrast, dull gray) Safelighting is a ____-intensity light composed of ____ wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. what color is it? how far away does it have to be? Ans- low, long wavelenght. its red orange. minimum of 4ft away Films that are exposed to safelight illumination for more than 2 or 3 minutes will appear: Ans- fogged Static electricity may cause film artifacts when: Ans- humidity is too low what controls water temp Ans- mixing valve what are the contents of the left insert tank , right insert tank, and master tank? Ans- - LEFT INSERT : developer -RIGHT INSERT: -MASTER : temp controled water In addition to protecting developing films from exposure to light, the light-tight lid of the processing tank protects the solutions from: Ans- oxidation and evapotarion A thermometer may be clipped to the side of the ____ for manual processing. Ansdeveloper purpose of string rod Ans- Mix the chemicals and equalize the temperature of the solutions. (T/f for each statement) The