Malignant hyperthermia Questions and Answers;(perfect guide for your final)

Overview - Rare inherited disorder in which a severe life-threatening reaction occurs due to inhaled anesthesia gases or a muscle relaxant called succinylcholine Hypermetabolic state that results in a rapid rise in body temperature and severe muscle contraction Possibly resulting in death if untreated Overview-Pathophysiology - A defect in calcium regulation results from a triggering anesthetic agent due to an inherited disorder of the musculoskeletal system. This calcium regulation defect causes intracellular hypercalcemia. The ryanodine receptors modulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the concentration of calcium in the muscle cells to increase, resulting in muscle rigidity. Increased metabolic demands result in increased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, and heat production, resulting in lactic acid production. Overview-Causes - Volatile inhaled anesthetic gases Depolarizing muscle relaxants Overview-Risk Factors - Genetic predisposition Multiminicore myopathy Central core disease Overview-Incidence - Malignant hyperthermia occurs in 1 in every 15,000 patients. Men are more susceptible than women. Incidence decreases in patients older than age 50. Approximately 50% of patients who experience a malignant hyperthermic crisis had previously received a triggering anesthetic agent without exhibiting signs and symptoms. Overview-Complications - Cardiac arrest Death during anesthesiaRhabdomyolysis Compartment syndrome Amputation Disseminating intravascular coagulation Kidney failure Heart failure Metabolic acidosis Myopathy Assessment-History - Previous episode of malignant hyperthermia Family history related to problems with anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants