Gould's Pathophysiology for Health Professional Final Exam (12-18)

What is the pathophysiology of pyelonephritis? - infection travels from ureter into kidney; pus fills fills kidney and medulla becomes inflamed What is the common sign/symptom of pyelonephritis? - lower back or FLANK pain; fever What is the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis? - anti-streptococcal antibodies are formed, create antigen-antibody complex that lodge in glomerular capillaries What are signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis? - periorbital edema, elevated blood pressure What gets reabsorbed in the kidneys? - essential nutrients, water and electrolytes What three substances are not in urine? - Cells, Glucose and Protien* (*possible trace) What is the highest substance secreted from the kidney? - sodium What hormones help with reabsoprtion of water? - ADH hormone and aldosterone What hormones reduces reabsoprtion of fluid and sodium? - atrial Natriuretic Hormone What does the kidney produce that helps in the stimulation of red blood cells? - EPO / erythropoietin What is being lost with chronic renal failure (anatomy)? - neprhons What would azotemia indicate? - abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood What eleytolyte imbalnce would a patient have with end stage renal disease? - hyponateria (loss sodium), hyperkalemia (high potassium), hypocalcemia (low calcium) and hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate) What electrolyte imbalance would you look for with diarrhea? - potassium What are some complications of diarrhea? - dehydration, potassium imbalances, acidosis and malnutrition What electrolyte imbalance would you look for with vomiting? - hypochloremia with increase in bicard levels What pH imbalance would you see with vomiting? - Metabolic ACIDosis What could long term vomiting caused the body to go into? - ketoacidosis due to glucose deficit What are signs of hiatal hernia? - heartburn, reflux, belching, discomfort after laying down What meal pattern should a patient have with a hiatal hernia? - SMALL, FREQUENT MEALS and avoiding recumbent position after eating What can cause GERD? - Any disease that causes decrease in Lower Esophageal pressure or increased in intraabdominal pressure What is a common sign of GERD? - discomfort 30 to 60 minutes after eating What are complications of GERD? - ulceration of the mucosa, eventual fibrosis and stricture of esophagus