Test Bank For The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Margaret W. Matlin’s | Complete 2024

Test Bank For The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Margaret W. Matlin’s | Complete 2024. Which of the following statements is correct about gender bias in history? a. Women did not make any contributions in art, religion, or government until about 1850. *b. Women artists usually expressed themselves in art forms that were less durable and long-lasting than men’s art forms. c. Women were excluded from religious leadership until after 1000 A.D. d. History books have traditionally done an accurate job in conveying information about women’s lives. Page 38 2-10. Which of the following students most accurately represents women’s role in history? a. Indira: “In prehistoric times, men provided the majority of the diet through hunting; however, women sometimes gathered vegetables and grains to supplement the diet.” b. Corazón: “History books have traditionally focused on women’s work in the home, even though women were also participating in government and the arts.” *c. Theresa: “Many people don’t know that women played important roles in the early church. For example, women often presided over monasteries before the 9th century A.D.” d. Artemesia: “With relatively few exceptions, women didn’t express themselves artistically until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.” Page 39 2-11. Which of the following philosophers and political figures wrote about women in a way that would be most admired by feminists? a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Napoleon Bonaparte *c. John Stuart Mill d. Aristotle Page 39 2-12. According to the story of Adam and Eve in the Bible, a. Adam was created out of Eve’s rib. b. Adam and Eve were equally to blame for giving in to temptation. c. Eve actually tried to persuade Adam not to commit sins, but she was not successful. *d. Adam was more important than Eve. 144 of 381 Pages 39-40 2-13. Chapter 2 discussed images of women in religion and mythology. According to this discussion, a. both Jews and Christians believe that God created women and men to be equally valued. b. women are most often portrayed as different from men, but in a positive way. c. non-Christian religions typically present relatively positive images of women. *d. the number of female clergy in Protestant denominations is increasing. Page 40 2-14. Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the treatment of women in the Islamic religion? a. Jenny: “One of the core beliefs of the Islamic religion is that men are superior to women.” *b. Mike: “Muhammad pointed out that women and men should be treated the same way.” c. Raye: “Muhammad clearly believed that women were inferior to men, and the treatment of women has actually improved since then.” d. Bennett: “The Islamic religion varies little from culture to culture, because this religion follows Muhammad’s teachings very carefully.” Page 40 2-15. Which of the following statements is correct about women in religion and mythology? a. Most modern religions other than Christianity specify that women were created before men. b. In Christianity, men and women have similar importance. c. The Jewish religion does not make an important distinction between men and women. *d. Eastern religions, like Western religions, include negative views of women. Page 40 2-16. Which of the following students provides the best summary of women in mythology and religion? a. Lilith: “Women are almost exclusively portrayed as being evil, scheming against their husbands and other men.” b. Naomi: “Women are almost exclusively portrayed as being kind and nurturant to their husbands and children.” c. Ruth: “Women are seen so seldom in mythology and religion that we cannot draw any conclusions about the way they are portrayed.” *d. Mary: “Women are portrayed in a different fashion from men, sometimes evil and sometimes extremely virtuous.” 145 of 381 Page 40 2-17. Which of the following students provides the best summary about the representation of women in religion and myth? a. Hongbo: “Women are uniformly portrayed in a positive fashion.” *b. Joachim: “The women in religion and myth are represented by both positive and negative images.” c. Kate: “Although women are portrayed in a positive fashion in religion, they are portrayed in a negative fashion in mythology.” d. Liza: “Women are portrayed in a positive fashion in Western religions and in a negative fashion in Eastern religions.” Page 41 2-18. When we examine the representation of women in language, what can we conclude about terms used for women and men? *a. The female member of a pair of words often has a more negative connotation than the male member of the pair. b. Men are more likely than women to be referred to with infantilizing terms. c. Men and women are usually referred to with different, but parallel terms. d. Women are assumed to be the norm, whereas special terms are used for men. Page 41 2-19. Terms used for women and men differ in which of the following respect(s)? a. The two kinds of terms are often not parallel because the male term may be prefaced by the word man or the word male. b. The male member of a pair of items is typically more negative than the female member. *c. Terms for women are more likely to be negative, compared to terms for men. d. Terms for women are more general and inclusive, compared to terms for men. Page 41 2-20. What is a major problem with masculine generic terms? *a. They are not really gender neutral. b. They encourage people to think of men as secondary. c. These terms are longer and more awkward to use in both speaking and writing. d. They tend to downgrade men, relative to women. Pages 41-42 2-21. Studies on the masculine generic show that a. people usually understand that the term he can refer to both males and females. b. men believe that he refers to both males and females, whereas women believe that he refers only to males. c. most undergraduates understand that a phrase such as prehistoric man really refers to both men and women. *d. in general, people understand that the term he refers to males, rather than to both 146 of 381 males and females. 147 of 381 Pages 41-42 2-22. Suppose that an English teacher tells you that she thinks it is ridiculous to try to avoid using forms like “man” to refer to both males and females. Your most informed response would be: a. “You’re right, because people now understand that man actually includes both men and women.” b. “You’re right, because people don’t even notice the difference between a term like man and a gender-neutral term like person.” c. “You’re right, because research has shown that it is extremely difficult to teach people to use gender-neutral terms.” *d. “You’re wrong, because masculine-generic terms actually encourage people to think about males, rather than females.” Pages 42-43 2-23. Your text describes in some detail a study by Gastil in which participants reported the mental images evoked by sentences. This research found that a. males reported more male images than female images when responding to sentences containing he, but females showed no pronoun effect. b. females reported more male images for the he sentences than males did. c. both males and females reported an equal number of male and female images when responding to sentences containing they. *d. masculine generic terms produced more thoughts about males than did genderneutral terms. Page 43 2-24. A study by Briere and Lanktree was described in Chapter 2. This study compared students’ reactions to either a neutral or a masculine generic version of a description about psychologists. This study demonstrated that *a. psychology was viewed as being a less attractive career for women when the masculine generic was used. b. men judged psychology as being less attractive for themselves when the gender neutral version was used. c. few people were influenced by the nature of the description. d. most women remarked that they were offended by the use of the masculine generic. 148 of 381 Pages 41-43 2-25. Suppose that a friend of yours says, “The problem with feminists is that they make a big deal about little things, like you have to say chairperson rather than chairman.” After reading about the masculine generic issue in Chapter 2, your most informed response would be: a. “Actually, feminists no longer complain about the language issue, because they are now concerned about more important things.” b. “According to the research, people now believe that words like chairman really are gender neutral.” *c. “According to the research, people do not consider words like chairman to be gender neutral.” d. “Despite all the research, people are still using gender-biased language just as often as they did 30 years ago.” Page 45 2-26. Research on women in the media has demonstrated that *a. men are much more likely than women to provide the voice-overs for advertisements. b. although women are often absent from television programs, they are seen just as often as men in television advertisements. c. women are rarely shown doing housework in advertisements. d. men are somewhat more likely than women to be shown in a “decorative” function in an advertisement. Page 45 2-27. In most respects, advertisements in magazines and on TV probably show a distorted picture of reality. In what area are these ads realistic? a. They show women working outside the home to the same extent that they do in reality. *b. They show women doing housework to the same extent that they do in reality. c. They often show women volunteering and doing other nonpaid activities. d. They often show women doing clerical work, rather than in nontraditional professions. Page 46 2-28. In what way are women and men represented differently in the media? a. An article about a prominent man is more likely than an article about a prominent woman to discuss the person’s clothing. b. Women are likely to be shown moving away from men, whereas men seldom move away from women. c. In an attempt to reduce stereotypes, the media have actually begun to portray women as being more aggressive than men. *d. Women are more likely than men to be shown in a reclining body position. 149 of 381 Pages 46-47 2-29. According to the discussion of women of color and the media, a. women of color who are professionals are now shown in advertisements at a frequency that matches their representation in the population. *b. women of color tend to be misrepresented as either “good girls” or “bad girls.” c. Latina women are more likely than Black women to be portrayed as aggressive. d. Latina women are likely to be shown in a professionally competent fashion. Page 47 2-30. According to the discussion of social class and the media, *a. low-income people are more likely to be shown in talk shows, rather than in primetime television. b. low-income women are presented in an overly positive way, with homes and furniture they would not be able to afford. c. the media are actually fairly accurate in showing that financial problems make it difficult for low-income women to raise children. d. during the current decade, low-income people have been portrayed in a positive fashion. Page 48 2-31. Which of the following students provides the most accurate understanding about the relationship between the media in our culture and the reality that we experience? a. Patrick: “The media simply reflect reality, and they do not really change people’s attitudes.” b. Joannie: “The media don’t really represent reality very accurately; however, they actually can change people’s attitudes.” *c. Emmanuel: “The media reflect reality, and they also change people’s attitudes.” d. Marina: “Surprisingly, the media do not reflect reality, and they also do not substantially change people’s attitudes.” Page 48 2-32. Chapter 2 discusses gender stereotypes in the media. In general, the research shows that a. the media actually have only limited effects on our attitudes about other people. *b. exposure to gender-stereotyped advertisements can increase our recognition and recall for other stereotyped information c. women are much more likely than men to be influenced by stereotypes in the media. d. media stereotypes have a major effect on children’s thinking, but very little effect on adults’ thinking. 150 of 381 Page 50 2-33. Which of the following characteristics would fit into the category called communion, which was discussed in connection with gender stereotypes? *a. concern for others b. confidence c. ambition d. independence Pages 51-52 2-34. Chapter 2 discussed a study by Niemann and her colleagues that focused on North American college students’ stereotypes about men and women from different ethnic groups. Based on this study, we can conclude that a. the gender stereotypes varied enormously, depending on which ethnic group was doing the rating. b. stereotypes about women were consistently more negative than stereotypes about men, across the four ethnic groups. c. people’s stereotypes about men and women differed greatly from each other only when they were judging European Americans. *d. stereotypes about men and women often depend upon the target’s ethnic group. Page 52 2-35. Suppose that you are reading a journal article about gender and social class. The author of this article emphasizes that the experiences of a wealthy woman are very different from the experiences of a low-income women, even though both of them are female. This author is emphasizing the concept called a. androgyny. *b. intersectionality. c. implicit gender stereotypes. d. stereotype threat.