PATHO 370 TEST 1 2023 LATEST UPDATE

PATHO 370 TEST 1 2023 LATEST UPDATE • QuestionI1 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints All Ithe IfollowingIstress-induced IhormonesIincrease IbloodIglucoseIexcept SelectedIAnswer: c. Ialdosterone. Correct IAnswer: c. Ialdosterone. Response IFeedback : AldosteroneIresultsIinIwaterIandIsodiumIretentionIandIpotassiumIloss IinIthe Iurine. IIt IdoesInot Iaffect IbloodIglucose. ICortisol IisIa Iglucocorticoid IsecretedIbyIthe Iadrenal Icortex. ICortisol Istimulates IgluconeogenesisIinIthe Iliver, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. Norepinephrine IinhibitsIinsulin Isecretion, IthusIincreasing Iblood sI ugar. IEpinephrine Iincreases Iglucose Irelease Ifrom Ithe Iliver Iand IinhibitsIinsulinIsecretion, IthusIincreasingIbloodIglucose. • QuestionI2 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheImost IcommonItumor-suppressorIgeneIdefect IidentifiedIinIcancerIcellsIis SI electedIAnswer: c. IRb. Correct IAnswer: b. IP53. Response IFeedback : The Imost Icommon Itumor-suppressorIgene Idefect Iidentified Iin Icancer IcellsIinvolvesIP53. IMore Ithan IhalfIofIall ItypesIofIhuman ItumorsIlack Ifunctional IP53, Iwhich IinhibitsIcell Icycling. IRb, IDC, Iand IAPCIare Inot tI he Imost Icommon Itumor-suppressor Igene IdefectsIidentified Iin Icancer Icells. • QuestionI3 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Necrotic IdeathIofIbrainItissue IusuallyIproduces necrosis. electedIAnswer: d. Iliquefactive Correct IAnswer: d. Iliquefactive I Response IFeedback : Liquefactive InecrosisIisIproducedIwhenIbrainItissueIdies, IasIit IisIrich IinIenzymesIand IhasIlittle Iconnective Itissue. ICoagulative Inecrosis IoccursIfromIischemic IinjuryIinIanyItissue. ICaseousInecrosisIoccursIin IlungItissue Idamaged IbyItuberculosis. IFat InecrosisIoccursIinIadipose I(fat)Itissue. • QuestionI4 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints YourIpatient IeatsI“lotsIofIfat,”IleadsIaI“stressful” Ilife, IandIhasIsmokedI“about Itwo IpacksIaIdayIforItheIlast I40Iyears.”IHerIchronic ImorningIcoughIrecentlyIworsened, Iand sI heIwasIdiagnosedIwithIaIlungImass. IThe Imost IlikelyIcontributing IfactorIfor Idevelopment IofIlungIcancerIinIthisIpatient Iis SelectedIAnswer: b. IcigaretteIsmoking. ICorrect IAnswer: b. IcigaretteIsmoking. Response IFeedback : The Imost IlikelyIcontributingIfactorIforIthe Idevelopment IofIlung IcancerIisIcigaretteIsmoking. ITobaccoIsmoke IcontainsIhundredsIof Icompounds, ImanyIofIwhichIhave IknownIgenotoxicityIandIprobably sI erve IasIinitiators. ITobaccoIsmoke IalsoIcontainsIpromoters, Iwhich IspurIthe Imutant IcellsItoIproliferate. IAlthoughIa Ihigh-fat Idiet, Iurban Ipollutants, IandIa Istressful Ilifestyle Ihave IbeenIimplicatedIinIsome ItypesIofIcancer, ItheyIare Inot ItheIlikelyIcontributingIfactorIinIyour Ipatient’sIlungIcancer. • QuestionI5 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunction SI electedIAnswer: a. Idecrease. Correct IAnswer: a. Idecrease. ResponseIFeedback: InIgeneral, IwithIaging, IorganIsizeIandIfunctionIdecrease. • QuestionI6 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIhypermetabolicIstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal IcancerIisIthought ItoIbeIbecause Iof SelectedIAnswer: a. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. ICorrect IAnswer: a. ItumorInecrosisIfactor. Response IFeedback : ProductionIofItumorInecrosisIfactorI(TNF)IandIotherIimmune IcytokinesIisIthought ItoIbeIimportant IinIproducingIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIcancer. IAngiogenesisIisIthe Idevelopment IofInewIbloodIvesselsItoIfeed Ithe Itumor; Iit IisInot IaIcause IofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexia IinIterminal Icancer. ILossIof IATP IproductionIandIpainImedicationsIisInot IcausesIofIthe Ihypermetabolic IstateIleadingItoIcachexiaIinIterminalIcancer. • QuestionI7 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIincreaseIinIorganIsizeIandIfunctionIcausedIbyIincreasedIworkloadIisItermed SI electedIAnswer: d. Ihypertrophy. Correct IAnswer: d. Ihypertrophy. Response IFeedback : IncreasedIfunctionIofIanIorganIsuchIasIthe Iheart IorIskeletal Imuscle rI esultsIinIorganIhypertrophyIbecause IofIcellularIenlargement. AtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsize IofIanIorganIbecause IofIcellular Ishrinkage. IMetaplasia IrefersItoIreplacement IofIone IdifferentiatedIcell tI ypeIwithIanother. IInflammationIresultsIfromIimmuneIresponse Irather tI hanIworkload. • QuestionI8 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints TheIstageIduringIwhichItheIpatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughItheIdiseaseIprocesses IareIwell Iestablished, IisIreferred ItoIas SelectedIAnswer: c. Isubclinical. Correct IAnswer: c. Isubclinical. Response IFeedback : The Istage Iduring IwhichIthe Ipatient IfunctionsInormally, IalthoughIthe IdiseaseIprocessesIareIwell Iestablished, IisIcalledIthe Isubclinical Istage. I The Iinterval IbetweenIexposureIofIaItissue ItoIanIinjuriousIagent Iand Ithe Ifirst Iappearance IofIsignsIandIsymptomsImayIbeIcalledIaIlatent IperiodIor, IinIthe IcaseIofIinfectiousIdiseases, IanIincubationIperiod. IThe Iprodromal Iperiod, IorIprodrome, IrefersItoIthe Iappearance IofIthe Ifirst IsignsIandIsymptomsIindicatingIthe Ionset IofIaIdisease. IConvalescence IisIthe IstageIofIrecoveryIafterIaIdisease, Iinjury, IorIsurgical Ioperation. • QuestionI9 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Selye’sIthreeIphasesIofItheIstressIresponseIincludeIall ItheIfollowingIexcept SelectedIAnswer: d. Iallostasis. ICorrect IAnswer: d. Iallostasis. Response IFeedback : AllostasisIisIdefinedIasIthe IabilityItoIsuccessfullyIadapt Ito Ichallenges. IAllostasisImay/mayInot IoccurIinIresponse ItoIstress. IAlarm, Iresistance, Iand IexhaustionIare Ithe Ithree IphasesIofIthe Istress IresponseIasIdescribedIbyISelye IinIthe Igeneral IadaptationIsyndrome. • QuestionI10 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AfterIsurgeryItoIremove IaIlungItumor, IyourIpatient IisIscheduledIforIchemotherapy, IwhichIwill SelectedIAnswer: a. Ikill IrapidlyIdividingIcells. CI orrect IAnswer: a. Ikill IrapidlyIdividingIcells. Response IFeedback : ChemotherapyIkillsIrapidlyIdividingIcells. IChemotherapyIdoesInot sI electivelyIkill ItumorIcells, Ibut IaffectsIall IrapidlyIdividingIcells. ChemotherapyIhasImanyIdamagingIsideIeffects. IImmunotherapyIuses ItheIpowerIofIthe Iimmune IsystemIand IhasIthe Ipotential IforItargeting IcancerIcells. • QuestionI11 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AI17-year-oldIcollege-boundIstudent IreceivesIaIvaccine Iagainst IanIorganismIthat IcausesImeningitis. IThisIisIanIexampleIof SelectedIAnswer: c. IprimaryIprevention. ICorrect IAnswer: c. IprimaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : PrimaryIpreventionIisIprevention IofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibility orIreducing IexposureIforIsusceptible IindividualsIbyIproviding Ivaccination. ISecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, IandImanagement IofIthe Idisease. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. • QuestionI12 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints The Inurse IisIswabbing IaIpatient’sIthroat ItoItest IforIstreptococcal Ipharyngitis. IThe Inurse Imust IunderstandIthat ItestsIsuchIasIthisIdifferIinItheIprobabilityIthat ItheyIwill Ibe Ipositive IforIaIconditionIwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwithIthe Icondition; IthisIprobability IisItermedIsensitivity. SelectedIAnswer: b. ITrue ICorrect IAnswer: b.ITrue Response IFeedback : The IsensitivityIofIanyItest IrefersItoItheIprobabilityIthat Ithe Itest Iwill Ibe Ipositive IwhenIapplied ItoIaIpersonIwithIthe IconditionIandIwill Inot Iprovide IaIfalse Inegative Iresult. IInIcontrast, IspecificityIisIthe IprobabilityIthat IaItest Iwill Ibe Inegative IwhenIappliedItoIaIpersonIwho IdoesInot Ihave Ia IgivenIcondition. • QuestionI13 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints CancerIgradingIisIbased Ion SelectedIAnswer: c. Icell Idifferentiation. CI orrect IAnswer: c. Icell Idifferentiation. Response GradingIrefersItoItheIhistologicIcharacterizationIofItumorIcellsIand Feedback: isIbasicallyIaIdeterminationIofIthe Idegree IofIanaplasia I(lack Iof Idifferentiation). ITheIotherIanswerIoptionsIareIassociatedIwithItumor sI taging. • QuestionI14 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints IndicatorsIthat IanIindividual IisIexperiencingIhighIstressIincludeIall Ithe Ifollowing except SelectedIAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. ICorrect IAnswer: c. Ipupil Iconstriction. Response IFeedback : PupilsIdilateIduringIstressIfromIthe IeffectsIofIcatecholamines. ITachycardia, Idiaphoresis, IandIincreasedIperipheral Iresistance Iare IindicatorsIofIstressIandIalsoIoccurIbecauseIofIcatecholamine Irelease. • QuestionI15 0Iout IofI0.125Ipoints RetrovirusesIare IassociatedIwithIhumanIcancers, Iincluding ISelectedIAnswer: b. Ihepatic Icancer. Correct IAnswer: c. IBurkitt Ilymphoma. Response IFeedback : At Ileast IthreeIretrovirusesIareIthought ItoIbe Icausative IfactorsIinIsome hI umanIcancers: IHIVIKaposi Isarcoma, IEpstein–BarrIinIBurkitt Ilymphoma, IandIhumanIT-lymphocyte Itype IIIinIT-cell Ileukemia– Ilymphoma. IThe IotherIanswerIoptionsIare Inot IassociatedIwithIa Iretrovirus. • QuestionI16 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AnIobese Ibut IotherwiseIhealthyIteenIisIgivenIaIprescriptionIforIaIlow-calorieIdiet Iand Iexercise Iprogram. IThisIisIanIexample Iof SelectedIAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. Correct IAnswer: b. IsecondaryIprevention. Response IFeedback : SecondaryIpreventionIisIthe IearlyIdetection, Iscreening, Iand Imanagement IofIthe Idisease IsuchIasIprescribingIdiet IandIexercise Ifor IanIindividual IwhoIhasIalreadyIdevelopedIobesity. IPrimaryIprevention IisIpreventionIofIdisease IbyIalteringIsusceptibilityIorIreducing Iexposure IforIsusceptible Iindividuals. ITertiaryIpreventionIincludes Irehabilitative IandIsupportive Icare IandIattemptsItoIalleviateIdisability IandIrestoreIeffective Ifunctioning. IDisease Itreatment Iinvolves Imanagement IofItheIdisease Ionce Iit IhasIdeveloped. • QuestionI17 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints AfterIbronchoscopyIandIhistologicIexaminationIofIaIsuspectedItumor, IyourIpatient Iis IdiagnosedIwithIprimaryIbronchial Icarcinoma. IThus, Ithe Itumor SelectedIAnswer: d. IisImalignant. Correct IAnswer: d. IisImalignant. Response IFeedback : Bronchial Icarcinoma IisIaImalignant IcancerIofIthe Iepithelial IliningIof tI heIbronchi. ICarcinoma IrefersItoIaImalignant Itumor. IPrimary IindicatesIthat Ithe IcancerIbeganIinIthe IlungsIandIdidInot Imetastasize IfromIanotherIsite. IAIstagingIprocedureImust IbeIdoneIbeforeIknowing IifItheIlung IcancerIhasIspread. • QuestionI18 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints ApoptosisIisIaIprocessIthat IresultsIinIcellular SI electedIAnswer: a. Ideath. Correct IAnswer: a. Ideath. Response IFeedback : ApoptosisIresultsIinIdeathIofIaIcell IwhenIit IisInoIlongerIneeded. IAtrophyIrefersItoIreductionIinIsizeIofIanIorganIbecauseIofIcellular sI hrinkage. IProliferationIrefersItoIgrowthIofInewIcells. IMutation IrefersItoIalterationIinIthe Igenetic IstructureIofIcellularIDNA. • QuestionI19 I 0.125Iout IofI0.125Ipoints Extreme Icold IinjuresIcellsIbyIall Ithe Ifollowing Iexcept ISelectedIAnswer: d. Idecreased Iblood Iviscosity. ICorrect IAnswer: d. IdecreasedIbloodIviscosity. Response IFeedback : HypothermiaIcausesIincreasedIbloodIviscosity, IwhichIcanIresult Iin Iischemic Iinjury. IInitialIvasoconstrictionIcausesIischemic Iinjury. ReboundIvasodilationIleadsItoIintense IswellingIwhichIdamages Iperipheral Inerves. ICrystallizationIofIcellularIcomponentsIleadsIto IruptureIofIthese Icomponents