Midterm Exam: NURS 6501/ NUR6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Review| Complete Guide with Verified Answers | 2023/ 2024 Update

Midterm Exam: NURS 6501/ NUR6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Review| Complete Guide with Verified Answers | 2023/ 2024 Update Q: How do these factors contribute to the formation of peptic ulcer's Answer: Smoking impairs healing by vasoconstriction. H pylori causes gastritis and interferes with mucosa Q: What causes GERD? Answer: GERD manifestations result directly from gastric acid reflux into the esophagus. Pyrosis, the classic symptom, is a substernal burning sensation typically described as heartburn. It may be accompanied by regurgitation, particularly in someone who has recently eaten. Q: What causes GERD? Answer: The lower esophageal sphincter (LESS) relaxes due to certain medications (calcium channel blockers), hiatal hernia, and obesity allows stomach contents into the lower esophagus causing inflammation and possibly erosion of the esophagus Q: What factors can contribute to an upper G.I. bleed Answer: Upper G.I. bleeds can be caused by peptic ulcer disease (PUD) which remains the most common cause of you UGIB. Esophageal bleeding from a Mallory-wise tear Q: What can cause diverticulitis in the lower G.I. tract Answer: Diverticulitis is defined as an inflammation of one or more diverticula. Fecal material or undigested food particles may collect in a diverticula causing obstruction. The obstruction can cause vascular compromise. Q: What can cause diverticulitis in the lower G.I. tract Answer: Increased intraluminal pressure or food particles cause erosion of the diverticular wall, resulting in inflammation, localized necrosis, and perforation. Q: How does cirrhosis cause portal hypertension Answer: Portal hypertension results from an increase in resistance or blood flow in the portal venous system. Q: How does cirrhosis cause portal hypertension Answer: In cirrhosis the most common cause of portal hypertension is the formation of scar tissue and regenerative nodules that lead to an increase in intrahepatic vascular resistance and consequently portal pressure. Q: How does cirrhosis cause portal hypertension Answer: Hepatitis and the resultant inflammation and subsequent scarring also contributes to portal hypertension. Chronic right sided heart failure can also cause portal hypertension due to the increase in preload that the right ventricle cannot pump effectively Q: Discuss how ascites develops as a result of portal hypertension Answer: There are several theories that contribute to ascites. In the underfilling theory the primary abnormality is inappropriate sequestration of fluid within the splanchnic vascular bed to the portal hypertension and a subsequent decrease in effective circulating blood volume. Q: Discuss how ascites develops as a result of portal hypertension Answer: This underfilling theory activates the plasma renin, aldosterone, and sympathetic nervous system, resulting in renal sodium and water retention. Q: Discuss how ascites develops as a result of portal hypertension Answer: The overflow theory postulates that increased portal pressure along with decreased serum albumin cause capillary hydrostatic pressure to exceed capillary oncotic pressure pushing transudative fluid into the peritoneal cavity Q: Overflow theory of ascites Answer: postulates that increased portal pressure along with decreased serum albumin cause capillary hydrostatic pressure to exceed capillary oncotic pressure pushing transudative fluid into the peritoneal cavity Q: Underfilling theory of ascites Answer: the primary abnormality is inappropriate sequestration of fluid within the splanchnic vascular bed to the portal hypertension and a subsequent decrease in effective circulating blood volume. Q: Underfilling theory of ascites Answer: This activates the plasma renin, aldosterone, and sympathetic nervous system, resulting in renal sodium and water retention. Q: Explain how hepatic encephalopathy develops in patients with cirrhosis of the liver Answer: Hepatic encephalopathy develops from a combination of biochemical alterations that affect neurotransmissions. Liver dysfunction and collateral vessels that shunt blood around the liver. Q: Explain how hepatic encephalopathy develops in patients with cirrhosis of the liver Answer: This allows neurotoxins and other harmful substances that are absorbed from the G.I. track to accumulate and circle freely to the brain. Q: Explain why large pulmonary embolus interferes with oxygenation Answer: It is a condition in which one or more areas of the lung receive oxygen but no blood flow, or they receive blood flow but no oxygen due to obstruction somewhere in the pulmonary circulation. This causes a decreased area for oxygen exchange.