UNE Biochem Unit 4 Week 13 Material Questions and Answers 100% Pass

UNE Biochem Unit 4 Week 13 Material Questions and Answers 100% Pass Ketogenic amino acids are metabolized into __________ Acetyl-CoA __________ amino acids are metabolized intermediates of the TCA cycle and are used in the process of GNG Glucogenic Essential amino acids are required in the diet and can/cannot be synthesized in the body cannot Nonessential amino acids can/cannot be synthesized in the body. can Name 4 things amino acids are used for. 1) Used for protein synthesis and degredation with ATP + ubiquitin moeity 2) substrate for nitrogen containing compounds - neurotransmitters /nucleotides 3) Carbons from AA used as substrate for FA synthesis and GNG 4) disposal and metabolism of amino group through synthesis of urea in urea cycle Amino acids travel to the _________ where they are broken up into carbon and nitrogen containing compounds liver carbon compounds derived from amino acids are used in the liver to produce __________ or ___________. fatty acids; glucose Nitrogen compounds derived from amino acids are disposed of in the liver through the _________ cycle Urea 60% of branch chain amino acids are metabolized in the ________. (hint: 20% come from portal circulation muscle In the FASTED state the two circulating amino acids are _________ and _________. Alanine; Glutamine Alanine and Glutamine come from __________ mediated protein catabolism in the skeletal muscle cortisol Alanine and Glutamine enter the liver and used for production of glucose through ____________________. GNG Describe the alanine-glucose cycle alanine shuttled from skeletal muscle --> enters liver where it's transaminated to pyruvate --> amino group enters urea cycle and carbon group used for glucose What is the alanine-glucose cycle used for? The alanine-glucose cycle is used for the transport of nitrogen from the skeletal muscle to the liver and glucose back to the skeletal muscle as an oxidizable substrate. Alanine and Glutamine are the major non-toxic carriers of ____________ Nitrogen Aminotransferases are enzymes that requires the cofactor ____________ ____________ to help in the transfer of nitrogen from an AA to an alternative keto acid pyroxidal phosphate Aminotransferases do not free ammonia, but will transfer the nitrogen nitrogen Name two aminotransferases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) When alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate it becomes _________ (it's the keto acid of alanine) pyruvate When a-ketoglutarate is transaminated with alanine the addition of the amine group makes the amino acid _____________. glutamate Glutamate Dehydrogenase is 1 of 4 essential enzymes that is unique as it is able to free ____________ by interacting with NAD or NADP. This largely takes place in the liver ammonia The direction in which GDH takes place is dependent on the levels of these chemicals. NAD+ or NADP+ as well as free ammonia Glutamine synthetase is the 2nd of 4 key enzymes and is used to fix an additional__________ to generate glutamine, which is one of our nitrogen carriers ammonia or NH4+; most ammonia in the body is in this form mentioned above as an ammonia ion Glutaminase is the 3rd of 4 key enzymes and is used to __________ of glutamine. This frees the ammonium so it can enter the urea cycle. This takes place in the liver deamination Glutamine deaminated is now referred to as ___________ and now interacts with glutamate dehydrogenase to release the final nitrogen. This takes place in the liver as well glutamate Describe the reactions that take place to move nitrogen from peripheral tissues to the liver for disposal Review 13.2 slide 8 Which of the following enzymes is likely to be active in both the FED and the FASTING state? a) glutaminase b) pyruvate kinase c) hormone sensitive lipase d) Glycogen synthase ***Answer*** A - Glutaminase: in FED state AA come from diet and will require deamination in the liver by glutaminase vs. in the FASTED state AA come from protein catabolism, mediated by cortisol. They are then deaminated by glutaminase and carbons used to make glucose! b) pyruvate kinase: active only in FED state. in fasted it is phosphorylated and inactive c) Hormone sensitive lipase: phosphorylated and active in the FASTED state d) glycogen synthase: dephosphorylated and active in the FED state The _______ cycle spans the mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments Urea ________ ___________ is the initial product in the urea cycle. It begins when free ammonium diffuses through the mitoch. membrane and combines with CO2 to form this. Carbomoyl phosphate Synthesis of urea is a(n) ____________ process and requires ATP anabolic ATP used in the urea cycle comes from the oxidation of substrates in the _____ state and from b-oxidation, in the liver, in the ______ state. FED; FASTED Carbamoyl phosphate condenses with ________ and is shuttled out of the mitoch. as citrulline ornithine; using the enzyme ornithine carbamoyl transferase Citrulline then gains an amino group from aspartate and undergoes a reaction to form __________. argininosuccinate; enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase catalyzes this reaction Argininosuccinate is then cleaved by __________ to form fumarate and arginine. argininosuccinate lyase arginine is a __________________ amino acid as it is synthesized in the urea cycle nonessential arginase is responsible for cleaving arginine from __________ urea Remaining ornithine is shuttled back to the __________ after arginase cleaves arginine from urea liver Urea is made up of two amino groups and though it is transported to _________ keep in mind it is synthesized in the ________. kidney; liver __-________________ allosterically activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 N-Acetylglutamate synthesis of acetylglutamate is enhanced by __________ arginine Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is the most important point and requires a(n) __________ __________ as an allosteric activator acetyl glutamate The urea cycle function independent of _________ _________ as it functions to dispose of nitrogen from two sources. Name these sources hormonal control 1) dietary excess sources 2) protein catabolism and turnover In the FASTED state, we require ________ _______ from amino acid catabolism for the process of GNG carbon skeletons