NLN PAX-RN Biology Study Guide

NLN PAX-RN Biology What are the taxonomic levels of all living beings from most to least general? domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dumb kings play chess on fiberGlass stools) Define homeostasis. The maintenance of equilibrium within an organism by a tendency to compensate for changes and disruptions. Define metabolism. All of the physical and chemical reactions associated with every aspect of cell life. Define anabolism. An organism's ability to synthesize larger molecules from smaller molecules. Define catabolism. An organism's ability to synthesize smaller molecules from larger ones. By what process is ATP produced? oxidative phosphorylation (OXYPHOS) What is the process by which glycogen is converted to energy? glycogenolysis What are the two main types of chemical bonds? Ionic and covalent. How are ionic bonds formed? Ionic bonds are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. One atom loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The other gains electrons and becomes negatively charged. These charged forms are called ions and are either positively or negatively charged. Na⁺ is an example of a positively charged ion that has lost an electron. Cl⁻ has gained an electron and is a negatively charged ion. How are covalent bonds formed? Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared by atoms, not pulled away completely. If the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally, what is the bond called? nonpolar covalent If the electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally, what is the bond called? polar covalent What is a hydrogen bond? Hydrogen bonds are weak chemical bonds formed when a hydrogen atom interacts with a nearby hydrogen atom that is already part of a covalent bond. Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds