QASP Exam Questions and Answers 2023

QASP Exam Questions and Answers 2023 Minimum supervision by a BCBA 1 hour/month QASP will demonstrate trustworthiness, honesty, fairness and sincerity Non-discrimination policy The QABA Credentialing Board will not discriminate against applicants, candidates or certificants on the basis of race, color, gender (including gender identity and gender expression), religion, age, marital status, registered domestic partner status, disability, socioeconomic or ethnic background, sexual orientation, genetic information, veteran status or national origin, or any other characteristic protected by law. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior. ASD characteristics Communication- Delay or lack of development of language, diffiulty holding conversations, unusual or repetitive language, play that is not appropriate for developmental level. Social interaction- Difficutly using nonverbal behaviors to regulate social interaction, failure to develop age appropriate peer relationships, little sharing of pleasure, achievements or interests with others, lack of social or emotional reciprocity. Restrictied/Repetitive activities- Interests are narrow in focus, overly intense and/or unusual, unreasonalbe insistence on sameness and folowing familiar routines, repetitive motor mannerisms, preoccupation with parts of objects. ASD deficits Social interaction, communication, repetitive/restricitive beahviors Triad of Impairments Deficits in reciprocal social interaction Deficits in communication Restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests or activities. joint attention Joint Attention and Social Referencing. Joint attention occurs when two people share interest in an object or event and there is understanding between the two people that they are both interested in the same object or event. Hyper/hyposensitive sensory input Sometimes the senses of autistic children are in 'hypo', so that they do not really see, hear or feel anything. To stimulate their senses they might wave their hands around or rock forth and back or make strange noises. Hypersensitive is the exact opposite, some may get too much sensory input from any of the senses. Historical definitions of autism 1908- word autism is used to describe schizophrenic patients who were also withdrawn and self-absorbed. Kanner (1943) described children who were highly intelligent but "displayed a powerful desire for aloneness" and rigidity/insistence on sameness Hans Asperger (1944) difficulty with social interaction 1967- refrigerator mothers were the cause of autism 1980-infantile autism listed in the DSM 1987-autism disorder in DSM 1991-federal government makes autism a sped category 1994-Asperger's syndrome added to DSM 2013- DSM-5 folds all subcategories of autism ASD with two categories 1) impaired social communication and/or interaction. 2) restricted and/or repetitive beahviors Co-Morbid conditions associated with autism Mental retardation, learning difficulties, ADD/ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, CD, Nonverbal learnning disabilities Asperger's Syndrome Definition Developmentally appropriate language, but differences (pragmatics, sentence structure, pronunciation, vocabulary) Social deficits, Literal interperatation of langauge Asperger's Syndrome (HFA) common characteristics He's just as smart as other folks, but he has more trouble with social skills. He also tends to have an obsessive focus on one topic or perform the same behaviors again and again. Diagnostic methods for ASD Often involves a multidisciplinary team (pediatrician, psychologist, SPL and OT). Criteria found in the DSM-5 Autism (word) History The word "autism" comes from the Greek word "autos," which means "self." It describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction. In other words, he becomes an "isolated self." Evidence based treatments for ASD applied behavior analysis-DTT, FCT, PRT, Antecedent based interventions Early intervention, social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, medication AAC, PECS, Video modeling, visual supports, computer aided instruction, parent implemented intervention IDEA- First recognized ASD 1990 IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-is a law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities. Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their families receive early intervention services under IDEA Part C. Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and related services under IDEA Part B. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) when the Individualized Education Program (IEP) is written, a determination is made regarding the amount of time each student with disabilities will spend with nondisabled peers both in classroom and all other school activities. IEP individualized education plan, a written statement for each child with a disability, must include: statement of child's present levels of functional performance measurable annual goals IEP development Parental Rights- participate in meetings, outside and independent evaluation, ggive or deny consent, contest a school's decision, private eduxation paid by the public school ( when they acant provie an adequate education for your child;s specigtic needs. Deadlines for Assessment- Identification of potential needs- 15 days for proposed assessment plan- parent has 15 days to consent to the plan- 60 days (not counting holidays) to hold an IEP meeting Frequency of Meetings- annual review Antecedent An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest. Behavior The way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. Consequence A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. ABA- Defined The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior. Pairing when the child has associated you with reinforcement, or good things. A-B-C contingency antecedent, behavior, consequence Motivating Operation An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event. Negative Reinforcement the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, increases the future likelihoss of that same response. Positive Punishment the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring Negative Punishment the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring Conditioned Reinforcement occurs when a stimulus reinforces set behaviors through its association with a primary reinforcer Unconditioned Reinforcement a reinforcement that is inherent, such as food Primary Reinforcement an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need Secondary reinforcement Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcering after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars Contingent reinforcement situation in which a certain response must be made before a reinforcer is obtained; that is, no response, no reinforcer Effective reinforcement strategies Set initial criterion at an easily achievable level Use high quality reinforcers Use varied reinforcers (prevent satiation) Use direct reinforcers (natural) whenever possibel Combine response prompts and reinforcement Set a dense schedule (FR1) initially Gradually thin reinforcement schedule Gradually shift from contrived to naturally occurring reinforcers Differential reinforcement Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent Schedules- ratio/interval schedules. Not all responses of the same response class can be reinforced. Compound Schedules Extinction ... deprivation the state of lacking or doing without something; loss Satiation A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior. extinction burst an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented. Discriminative Stimulus (SD) A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increases the momentary frequency of the behavior. Behaviorism (basic principles and assumptions) ... classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher- behavior that is selected by its consequences