Earth and Space Science Answers (900+)

Earth and Space Science Answers (900+) What are the five characteristics a substance must have to be classified as a mineral? Why isn't coal a mineral? Why isn't glass a mineral? What is a mineral that contains a useful substance or element, such as iron or aluminum? The higher you are on the Moh's Hardness Scale, the more materials you will... The lower you are on the Moh's Hardness Scale, the more materials you will... What is the order of the Moh's Hardness Scale from softest to hardest? What is the order of the Moh's Hardness Scale from hardest to softest? What is a geode? What is cleavage? What is a crystal? What is fracture? What is inorganic? What is luster? What is a mineral? What is Moh's Hardness Scale? What is streak? What's the difference between cleavage and fracture? How is minerals formed in Diagram B? How is minerals formed in Diagram C? Which diagram will have larger crystals, Diagram B or Diagram C? Which diagram will have smaller crystals, Diagram B or Diagram C? How do minerals form by evaporation? What are two ways diamonds are useful? What are the properties used to identify minerals and gems? What is crystallization? What is lava? What is magma? What is solution? What is vein? What is a gem? What is an ore? For a mineral to be a gem, what does the mineral have to have? Are all minerals gems? Are all gems minerals? Why is most quartz useful? What do Ilmenite and rutile are have to make them ores? What are three qualities of titanium that make it good for hip or knee replacements? Where is iron and aluminum usually found? What is a vein mineral? What do you do in scientific inquiry? Why isn't scientific inquiry a rigid sequence of steps? What are the five branches that make up Earth Science? What do geologists study? What is whatever they study? What do astronomers study? What is whatever they study? What do oceanographers study? What is whatever they study? What do meteorologists study? What is whatever they study? What do environmental scientists study? What is whatever they study? What do Seismologists study? What is whatever they study? What do volcanologists study? What is whatever they study? What is the rocky outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere? What is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere with all of the waters on Earth? What is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere with all living things? What are the four major systems of the earth? What do scientists need to do? What are the senses scientists need to use? What is a scientific theory? What is a scientific law? Does everything have to be documented? What is a controlled experiment? What type of attitude would help to make a good scientist? Why? True or false? Everything is an established fact. Why are astronomers considered to be Earth Scientists? Why do scientists use models to represent Earth's processes? What is science? What is observing? What is an inference? What is predicating? What is a hypothesis? What is an independent variable? What is a manipulated variable? Is there the difference between an independent variable and a manipulated variable? If yes, then what is it? What is a dependent variable? What is a responding variable? Is there the difference between a dependent variable and a responding variable? If yes, then what is it? What is Earth Science? What is a system? What is energy? What is a constructive force? What is a destructive force? What is the rock cycle? What is deposition? What is a rock? What is erosion? What is composition? What is texture? What are the three main types of rock? What is weathering? Why are rocks important? What do humans use them for? What are the processes that shape the Earth? What are the ways to classify a rock by? What is it called when sediment is dropped and comes to rest? Besides being classified by their composition, how else are rocks classified? What determines the composition of a rock? What is igneous rock? What is intrusive? What is extrusive? What is basaltic? What is basaltic rich in? What is basaltic poor in? What is granitic? What is granitic rich is? What is denser, basaltic or granitic? What is less dense, basaltic or granitic? How does igneous rock form? What is volcanic glass? What is Andestic rock? The two ways igneous rock is formed is by... What are two types of igneous rock? How is granite different from obsidian, pumice, and scoria? What are some characteristics that igneous rocks have? Name four igneous rocks. Where do igneous rocks come from? Is granitic silica rich? What is metamorphic rock? What is foliated? What is nonfoliated? What are examples of foliated? What are examples of nonfoliated? What does morph mean? What does metamorphic mean? What can metamorphic rock form from? What are the factors that can alter a rock? True or false? The further inside Earth, the greater the heat and pressure. What can heat and pressure cause the rock to do? Is magma a gas, a liquid, a plasma, or a solid? Can fluids move through a rock without the rock changing its composition? If yes, then what happens. What will happen if sedimentary rock melts? How can sedimentary rock change into metamorphic rock? How can sedimentary rock change into igneous rock? How can igneous rock change into metamorphic rock? How can igneous rock change into sedimentary rock? How can metamorphic rock change into sedimentary rock? How can metamorphic rock change into igneous rock? What are the two different types of classifying metamorphic rocks? What are the three main classifications of rocks? What are foliated rocks distinguished by? Fine-grained, extrusive rocks include all of the following except ________. a) basalt b) granite c) pumice d) scoria What are metamorphic rocks that don't have layers? All of the following conditions in Earth can cause metamorphic rocks to form except _________. a) exposure to air b) heat c) presence of hot, watery fluids d) pressure A classification of metamorphic rocks would include whether they are ________. What are rocks formed by changes in heat and pressure or the presence of hot, watery fluids? What is sediment? What is sedimentary rock? Besides sedimentary rock forming when sediments are cemented and compacted together, what is another way sedimentary rock is formed? What is cementation? What is compaction? What are the three things sedimentary rocks classified by? What are sedimentary rocks classified by? What do sedimentary rocks form from? What is detrital formed by? What is chemical? What is organic? What can you combine to create calcite? True or false? Humans have used rocks in the creation of tools and building materials. True or false? Metamorphic rocks can form from other metamorphic rocks. What are seismic waves? What is pressure? What is crust? What is basalt? What is granite? What is mantle? What is the lithosphere? What is the asthenosphere? What is the outer core? How thick is the lithosphere? Where was the furthest we got while using materials to find out the layers of the Earth? What do we use to find out about Earth's layers? Put a comma in between the first and second answer. True or false? Both primaries and secondaries can go through both solids and liquids. If false, rewrite the statement. What are the three types of seismic waves? What are evidence to help us learn about the layers of the Earth? What factors stop us from using materials to learn about the Earth's layers? What are the Earth's layers from inside to outside? What are the Earth's layers from outside to inside? What is the crust made up of? What are the two parts of the mantle? (The third, which isn't associated with the two, is in parenthesis at the end.) What is the outer core made up of? What is the inner core made up of? How is the magnetic field like a magnet? What are tectonic plates? What do tectonic plates float on? Why do tectonic plates move? What are the three zones of land from above water to below water? What are the three zones of land from below water to above water? Earth's magnetic field results from movements in the ________. Using data from seismic waves, geologists have learned that Earth's interior is made up of several _________. Geologists learn about Earth's interior by studying _________, which earthquakes produce. They also travel through Earth. What is Earth's inner core like? What is a rock with a fine, dark texture that makes up the oceanic crust? Earth's magnetic field results from movements in the _________. True or false, pressure increases from Earth's surface toward the center of Earth. What is radiation? What is conduction? When can conduction occur? What is convection? How can convection occur? How is convection caused? What is density? What is a convection current? What causes a convection current? What is the density of water? What does that density number mean? What happens when the density of something is below 1? What happens when the density of something is above 1? Are the crystals of a mineral always going to be the same size? Magma that cools very slowly deep beneath the surface forms minerals with what type of crystals? What are the three different types of heat transfer? What are the layers that make up the upper mantle? What are the two layers of the upper mantle? Out of the two layers of the mantle, which one is more solid? Out of the two layers of the mantle, which one is less solid? What is continental drift? What is sea-floor spreading? Who came up with the continental drift theory? Who came up the evidence for the continental drift theory? What was it called? What are plate tectonics? What is a plate? What are divergent boundaries? What are some examples of divergent boundaries? What are convergent boundaries? What are some examples of convergent boundaries? What are subduction boundaries? What are transform boundaries? What are some examples of transform boundaries? What causes plate tectonics? What is a destructive boundary? a) convergent boundary b) divergent boundary c) subduction boundary d) transform boundary Fill in the blank. _________ currents inside Earth might drive plate motion. What is an earthquake? What is a focus? What is epicenter? What is a P wave? What is an S wave? What is a surface wave? What is the Mercali scale? What is magnitude? What is magnitude based on? What is the Richter scale? What is a seismograph? What does P wave stand for? What does S wave stand for? How does a P wave move? How does an S wave move? What causes the most damage, P waves, S waves, or Surface waves? How do you compare magnitudes? What are the three different scales to measure earthquakes called? What does the Mercalli Scale measure? Is it always accurate? What does the Richter Scale measure? What is the graph it's measured on called? What does the Moment Magnitude Scale measure? What are the steps in order to find the epicenter? True or false? The epicenter is where all three circles meet during the process of trying to find the epicenter. What do P waves move like? Can P waves go through liquids? Can S waves go through liquids? What type of earthquake wave can travel through both liquids and solids? When an earthquake happens, what seismic waves are the first to arrive at a location? What is a volcano? What is the Ring of Fire? What is an island arc? What is a hot spot? What is an element? What is a compound? What is physical property? What is chemical property? What is viscosity? What is silica? What is silica formed from? What is pahoehoe? What can pahoehoe form? What is aa? What controls the viscosity of magma? True or false? The more silica, the lower the viscosity of magma. If false, rewrite statement as if there was more silica. What is a magma chamber? What is a pipe? What is a vent? What is lava flow? What is a crater? Where is a crater formed? What is a volcano formed by? What is pyroclastic flow? What is a dormant? What is an extinct volcano? What are all of the parts of a volcano? When the lava cools and a bowl shape forms, what do we call the crater? What are the two different types of volcanic eruptions? Are quiet eruptions low or high in silica? Are explosive eruptions low or high in silica? What is it called when rock and ash come out of an explosive eruption? Is pyroclastic flow dangerous? A _________ forms as a result of lava that has cooled at the top of a volcano. True or false? Dissolved minerals trapped in magma under tremendous pressure provide the force for a volcanic eruption. If a volcano's magma is high in silica, the volcano will probably _______. If geologists detect many small earthquakes in the area near a volcano, what can they infer about the volcano? The main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption is ___________. A volcano that may erupt again at some time in the distant future is a _________ volcano. Which of the following volcano hazards is made up of rocky particles about the size of a grain of sand? a) pahoehoe b) volcanic ashes c) volcanic bombs d) volcanic cinders Is an extinct volcano probably going to erupt again? What is a shield volcano? What is a shield volcano made of? What is a shield volcano formed by? What is a cinder cone? What is a cinder cone made up of? Where are the things cinder cone is made up of piled around? What is a composite volcano? What is a caldera? How is caldera formed? What is a volcanic neck? What is a dike? How is a dike formed? What is a sill? How is a sill formed? What is batholith? How is it formed? Answer it as one statement, but not restating the question. What is geothermal activity? What is a geysar? When does geysar erupt? What are composite volcanoes also called? What are the three different types of landforms from ash and lava? What are the two different landforms that can form when magma reaches the surface? What are the different types of landforms from magma? What two things can geothermal activity form? What are the three main volcano shapes? What is the opposite of steep? What is the opposite of gentle? True or false? Hardened magma in a volcano's pipe remaining after softer rock around it has eroded away is a batholith. True or false? Geysers are formed when groundwater is heated by nearby magma. True of false? A batholith is a mass of rock that forms when a large body of magma cools inside the crust. If false, then what is a mass of rock that forms when a large body of magma cools inside the crust? Put a comma in between answers if false. If true, just say true. The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a __________. When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano's vent, the result is a ___________. Tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash are called _________ volcano. When groundwater heated by magma rises to the surface and collects in a natural pool, it is called a _________. True or false? The magma chamber is found beneath volcanoes. If false, then where is it located? Put a comma in between answers if false. If true, just say true. Viscosity is a fluids resistance to __________. Are Cinder Cone Volcanoes, Composite Volcanoes, and Shield Volcanoes all created from ash and lava _________ are formed at divergent and converging boundaries. Are volcanoes formed when groundwater is heated by nearby magma. If false, then what is formed when groundwater is heated by nearby magma? Put a comma in between answers if false and say no as your first answer. If true, just say true. Calcite is created by combining what? True or false? Andesitic rock is an igneous rock with a composition in between that of basaltic and granitic igneous rock. If false, then what is Andestic rock and also if false, put a comma in between answers. If a volcano's magma is high in silica, the volcano will probably erupt ___________. What is the water cycle? What is precipitation? What is groundwater? Over ____% of all the water on Earth is located in the ocean. All of that water is _______ water. Humans _____ use this water. Put a comma between both answers 1 and 2 and answers 2 and 3. (Answer 3 is can or can't.) Over ____% of all the water on Earth is trapped inside of ice. Humans _____ use this water. Put a comma between both answers. (Answer 2 is can or can't.) Less than ____% of all the water on Earth is located in freshwater lakes, in groundwater, and located in freshwater rivers. Humans _____ use this water. Put a comma between both answers. (Answer 2 is can or can't.) Do this same procedure for any other questions with multiple more than one answer. True of false? Almost all water in Earth travels through the water cycle. If false, say false, write a comma, and then rewrite statement. If ever false anywhere else, do the same exact procedure and do the same exact steps. What is the order of the water cycle? Are both the hydrological cycle and the water cycle the same thing? What are the four main types of clouds? Describe Cirrus clouds. Describe Cumulus clouds. Describe Nimbostratus clouds. Describe Stratus clouds. True or false? Our body is 1/4 water. If false, rewrite the statement after saying false. True or false? Water changes from a liquid to a gas in the process of evaporation. True or false? The energy for the water cycle comes from the Sun. What is a tributary? What is a watershed? What is divide? What is a habitat? What is reservoir? What is a wetland? Where do most rivers begin? What is a pond? What does a pond have to be able to do for it to be classified as a pond? Is a pond usually freshwater or saltwater? How are ponds formed? Why do ponds have living habitats in them? What is deeper, lakes or ponds? What is shallower, lakes or ponds? Can sunlight reach throughout a pond? Can sunlight reach throughout a lake? How do lakes form? What are the different types of wetlands? What is a marsh? What is a swamp? Where are swamps usually found? What is deeper, a marsh or a swamp? What is shallower, a marsh or a swamp? What is a bog? What's the difference between a lake and a pond? True or false? The water in ponds and lakes is moving. Wetlands provide habitats for many living things because of their sheltered waters and a) ability to prevent floods b) lack of insects c) large supply of nutrients d) thick layer of mud The streams and small rivers that feed into a main river are called ______. A lake that stores water for human use is called a ________. The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a ______. True or false? Marshes, bogs, and lakes are examples of freshwater wetlands. A river system is made up of a river and its ________. Which of the following is NOT a type of freshwater wetland? a. a bog b. a lake c. a marsh d. a swamp As water moves slowly through a wetland, some waste materials settle out, some wastes are absorbed by plants, and silt and mud is trapped by plant roots. In this way, wetlands act as natural _________. The land that supplies water to a river system is a ______. What is permeable? What is impermeable? What are examples of impermeable? What is impermeable full of? What is a saturated zone? What is a water table? What is an unsaturated zone? Is the unsaturated zone above or below the water table? What is a spring? What is an aquifer? Where is an aquifer located? What is a geyser? When do geysers erupt? Materials with small, connected pores are __________. a) impermeable b) permeable c) saturated d) unsaturated A well in which groundwater rises because of pressure is called a(n) ________. True or false? Once a well has reached the water table, it will not run dry. True or false? Once a well has reached the water table, it will run dry. True of false? In the unsaturated zone, the pores of the soil are totally filled with water. True of false? In the unsaturated zone, the pores of the soil are not filled with water. The top of the saturated zone is known as the __________. Materials that allow water to pass through them easily are ________. People can obtain groundwater by drilling a well ________. True or false? Artesian wells rely on pressure to bring water to the surface. True of false? Saturated zones are pores filled with air and unsaturated zones are pores filled with water. If false, rewrite statement. A system that consists of tributaries, watersheds and divides is called a __________. The top of the saturated zone is called the _____________. Some people obtain their water from underground layers of rock or sediment called ___________. Many rare and endangered species live in a unique wetland in Florida called the ____________. How does water move underground? Wetlands help prevent __________ by absorbing runoff from heavy rains. The area of soil in which the pores are totally filled with water is called the _____________ zone. How deep must wells be drilled in order to collect water? What is an ocean current? What is a surface current? What is a surface current caused by? Where does a surface current occur? What is the Coriolis effect? What is a deep current? What are the two main types of currents? True or false? Currents flow in the same direction. If false, rewrite statement. What are three things that affect the way currents flow? If you live in the northern hemisphere, and you flush a toilet, what way will the water drain? If you live in the southern hemisphere, and you flush a toilet, what way will the water drain? What are surface currents affected by? How do deep currents occur? What is density based on? What is the salinity of water? True or false? The lower the temperature, the more dense the water is going to be. True or false? The higher the temperature, the more dense the water is going to be. True or false? The lower the temperature, the less dense the water is going to be. True or false? The higher the temperature, the less dense the water is going to be. What is a pycnocline? Ocean currents flow from east to west near the __________. The density of ocean water increases when it gets ________. What force makes cold water sink toward the ocean floor? What causes ocean water to become denser? Compared with surface currents, deep currents are _________ and ________. Put a comma in between answers. The Coriolis effect makes ocean currents appear to move in a ________ path. When an ocean current hits a continent, it _________. The Gulf Stream Current is deflected by North America, causing the current to change direction. What is this concept called? In what direction do global winds and currents flow south of the equator? Which of these events happens first in Earth's polar regions? a) Cold air chills water molecules b) The dense water sinks c) The water travels as a deep current d) Water molecules move closer together What is upwelling? What is El Nino? Where is El Nino located? What type of current does El Nino produce? What is La Nina? Where is La Nina located? Buoys that record El Nino can transmit data to satellites in space. What can you say about the buoys from this fact? If there were no California Current, California's climate would _____________. An ocean current that cools the West Coast of the United States is called the _________. What happens due to coral reef damage by El Nino? a) Fish that depend on the reef die b) The ocean water gets colder c) The ocean water gets warmer d) The reef supports more diversity of life What is an unusually long period during which rainfall is below average? If ocean currents have changed their circulation patterns, what can you conclude? a) patterns of wind circulation have also changed b) the climate will be milder than usual c) the rate of evaporation has increased d) the water is colder and denser than usual Which statement describes the negative effects of El Niño? a) El Niño appears every 2 to 12 years b) Rain, flash floods, and mudslides occur in places where there is usually little rain, while usually wet areas suffer from drought c) Sometimes El Niño is followed by La Niña, during which ocean temperatures become cooler d) Upwelling along the coast of South America occurs after an El Niño True or false? Surface currents greatly affect the climate in many parts of the world. True or false? Surface currents do not affect the climate in many parts of the world. The region of the globe where the Gulf Stream and other warm water currents originate is known as the _______________. What is the undertow? What is a longshore current? What is a whitecap? The choppy lake was full of __________ waves. What is swell? What is a tsunami? What does a tsunami form after? What is a storm surge? What causes a storm surge? What is a crest? What is a trough? What is a wavelength? What are waves formed by? What are the two main kinds of open-ocean waves? What are whitecaps characterized by? True or false? Swells have a very long wavelength? True or false? Swells have a very small wavelength? What does wavelength measure? What causes breakers to crash into the ocean floor? If the wavelength of a wave stays the same, what happens to the wave speed when the wave period increases? What moves through water and forms a wave? What is a tide? What is the tidal range? What is a spring tide? What is a neap tide? What has a smaller range of tides, spring tides or neap tides? What has a larger range of tides, spring tides or neap tides? If the Earth were to rotate at the same rate as the Moon revolved, we would have __________ tides. a) high b) low c) neap d) no e) round f) spring g) straight What phase of the moon will it be during a spring tide? What phase of the moon will it be during a neap tide? Which of these takes exactly 24 h? a) one period between two full moons b) one period between two high tides c) one revolution of the moon around the Earth d) one rotation of the Earth The statement "The moon's gravity is pulling ocean water into a bulge" is during a ________ tide. An unusually high tide is called a _______ tide. What is a bulge that takes place on parts of Earth facing or opposite the moon? What are tides that occur during the first and third quarters of the moon? What are tides that occur during the new and full moons? What forms when water is drawn away from the area between high tides? When do the greatest tidal ranges occur? What is the force that pulls the tides? Temperature, salinity and density are factors that form __________. ___________ occurs when the Earth, Sun and Moon form a straight line. True or false? The distance from the trough of one wave to the trough of another wave is wave amplitude. If false, then what's the answer? Which of the following is NOT an effect of El Nino? a) droughts b) earthquakes c) mudslides d) hurricanes Although they flow near the top of the ocean, ______________ can reach depths of several hundred meters. The difference between levels of ocean water at high tide and low tide is called a(n) __________. What three factors control surface currents? The most important force that creates tides is the gravity of the ___________. What is astronomy? What is an axis? Where does an axis pass through? What is rotation? What is revolution? What is an orbit? What is a solstice? How many days a year is the solstice? What is an equinox? How many days a year is the equinox? One _________ of Earth around the Sun takes ___________. Put a comma in between answers. One _________ of Earth around its axis takes ____________. Put a comma in between answers. What is an example of an ellipse? What are the four seasons of Earth? True or false? The way sunlight hits Earth is a little different depending on where you live. Where on Earth gets the most direct sunlight? Where on Earth gets the least direct sunlight? Why are there seasons on Earth? How may degrees is Earth's tilt? When is the vernal equinox? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the first day of spring? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the summer solstice? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the first day of summer? (Northern Hemisphere) What does equinox means? When is the autumnal equinox? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the first day of autumn? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the first day of fall? (Northern Hemisphere) What does solstice mean? When is the winter solstice? (Northern Hemisphere) When is the first day of winter? (Northern Hemisphere) When the north end of Earth's axis is tilted toward the sun, North America will experience more _________ rays and __________ days. Put a comma in between answers. True or false? Astrology is the study of the Earth, Moon, and Stars in space. Day and night are caused by ____________. Earth has seasons because _________. True or false? During a solstice, the periods of light and dark are equal. True or false? During an equinox, the periods of light and dark are equal. One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes ______________. One complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes about one ____________. The movement of one body around another is a _________. a) motion b) revolution c) rotation d) turnment Earth's rotation takes ____________. Earth's rotation takes one ____________. True or false? It is warmer near the equator because that is where the Earth gets the most direct sunlight. True or false? Earth's axis of rotation is almost parallel to the plane of its orbit. What is a force? What is gravity? What is the Law of Universal Gravitation? What is mass? What is weight? What is inertia? What is Newton's First Law of Motion? True or false? Gravity is a force. True or false? Gravity is a not a force. True or false? Gravity is weight. True or false? Gravity is a not weight. True or false? The amount in which something attracts each other, or the force of the attraction, is going to depend on mass and distance. The amount in which something attracts each other, or the force of the attraction, is going to depend on ________ and ________. Put a comma in between answers, The force of the gravitational pull is going to decrease as the distance ___________. The force of the gravitational pull is going to ____________ as the distance increases. The force of the gravitational pull is going to increase as the distance __________. The force of the gravitational pull is going to ____________ as the distance decreases. As the mass of one object decreases, the gravitational pull __________. As the mass of one object _____________, the gravitational pull decreases. As the mass of one object increases, the gravitational pull ______________. As the mass of one object ________________, the gravitational pull increases. Does your mass ever change? If yes, then where. Does your weight ever change? If yes, then where. What is weight depended on? What is the difference between mass and weight? What keeps the moon in orbit around the earth? What does inertia have to do with? Astronomers refer to Venus as Earth's __________ planet. Earth and Venus have the same ________, ________, ________, and ________. Put a comma in between all four answers and put them in alphabetical order. All objects are attracted to each other by the force of ___________. True or false? Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. What is a value that describes how heavy an object is and is related to the force of gravity is? True or false? On the moon, you would weigh much less than what you weigh on Earth. True or false? On the moon, you would weigh much more than what you weigh on Earth. The strength of the force of gravity depends on the _________ of the objects and the _________ between them. Put a comma in between answers. Gravitational force between two objects depends on _________ and __________. Put a comma in between answers. True or false? If the mass of an object increases, the force acting on it, such as gravitational force, also increases. True or false? The force of gravity on an object is known as its mass. True or false? The Earth revolves around the sun in a nearly circular orbit. What are phases? Where do you see phases from? What is an eclipse? What is a solar eclipse? Where is the moon during a solar eclipse? What is an umbra? When can you see an umbra? What is a penumbra? When can you see an penumbra? What part of a shadow is a penumbra surrounding? What is a lunar eclipse? Why does the moon light up? Where is Earth during a lunar eclipse? How many phases of the moon are there? ( What is another name for third quarter? Why isn't the third quarter called the second quarter since it goes from first quarter to third quarter? What is another name for a full moon? What are the two types of eclipses? What two types of shadows do solar eclipses create? Which is darker, the penumbra or the umbra? Which is lighter, (in color,) the penumbra or the umbra? What type of solar eclipse do you see if you were near the umbra? What type of solar eclipse do you see if you were near the penumbra? What two types of shadows do lunar eclipses create? What determines if it's a partial lunar eclipse or a total lunar eclipse? What was January's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was February's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was March's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was April's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was May's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was June's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was July's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was August's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was September's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was October's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was November's moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? What was December moon called according to the Algonquian tribes? During a total lunar eclipse, the moon is in Earth's _____________. For a solar eclipse to occur, the moon must be directly between (the) __________ and (the) ____________. Put a comma in between answers. True or false? The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the penumbra. True or false? The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the umbra. The phase of the moon you see depends on ___________. True or false? A tide with the greatest difference between low and high tides is called a neap tide. If false, then what is a tide with the greatest difference between low and high tides? The amount of the lighted side of the moon you can see is the same during a ________________ and a _________________. Put a comma in between answers. Because the moon rotates once for each revolution around Earth, ___________________________. True or false? The phases of the moon depend on how much of the lighted side of the moon can be seen from Earth. A total solar eclipse is visible from only within the moon's _____________. Based upon what you have learned about the position of Earth, the sun, and the moon during a lunar eclipse, during which phase of the moon can a lunar eclipse occur? What is a telescope? What is maria? What is maria formed from? What is a meteoroid? Meteoroids come from __________ and/or _______________. Put a comma in between answers. In what year did Galileo invent the telescope? What did Galileo call the dark spots on the moon? What did Galileo think the dark spots on the moon were? What is Maria Latin for? Was Galileo's theory of the dark spots on the moon true? What are the craters on the moon formed by? How did Galileo think craters were formed on the moon by? What are highlands? Was Galileo's theory of craters correct? Was Galileo's theory of highlands correct? Which is smaller, Earth or the moon? Which is larger, Earth or the moon? Which has a larger diameter, the moon or the USA? Which has a smaller diameter, the moon or the USA? What is the density on the moon compared to Earth? What is the gravity amount on the moon compared to Earth? Why is the density on the moon different than Earth's density? What causes your weight to change when going from Earth to the moon? Where is your weight smaller, Earth or the moon? Where is your weight larger, Earth or the moon? On the moon, is it colder during the day or during the night? On the moon, is it warmer during the day or during the night? It's so warm during the day and so cold at night because there's no ____________ or ____________ on the moon. Put a comma in between answers. Is there any type of water on the moon? If yes, then what types? Put a comma in between answers if first answer is yes. Why do they say there is no liquid water on the moon? The moon has _____________ the gravity of the Earth. The only water on the moon is ice, and it's near the _________. Craters on the surface of the moon are caused by the impact of ___________. The moon's average density is about the same as the density of which of the Earth's layers? a) atmosphere b) biosphere c) hydropshere d) inner e) outer True or false? The moon's average density is greater than the density of Earth's outer layers. True or false? The moon's average density is less than the density of Earth's outer layers. True or false? The moon's average density is the same as the density of Earth's outer layers. True or false? The moon formed after a planet-sized object collided with the sun. True or false? Earth formed after a planet-sized object collided with the sun. True or false? The moon has no atmosphere. True or false? The moon has an atmosphere. True or false? The moon's origin can be explained by a theory called the impact theory. True or false? The moon's origin cannot be explained by any theory. True or false? Maria are flat areas on the moon's surface. What is determined by the distance between objects and the difference in mass between the objects? What occurs when Earth moves between the moon and the sun and blocks light? What occurs when there is the same amount of day and night? What are large, flat areas on the moon's surface once thought to be remnants of ancient seas? If the mass of an object increases, ________ also increases. When it is summer in the southern hemisphere, what season is it in the northern hemisphere? When it is winter in the southern hemisphere, what season is it in the northern hemisphere? When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, what season is it in the southern hemisphere? When it is winter in the northern hemisphere, what season is it in the southern hemisphere? Galileo called the dark, flat parts of the moon ______________ because they looked like seas. The darkest part of the moon's shadow is called the _____________. The tendency for an object in motion to remain in motion is called ______________. What is a solar system? What are the eight main planets in alphabetical order? What is the only dwarf planet in the solar system called? What was the geocentric model? What was the geocentric theory? Was the geocentric theory true or false? The ancient __________ started the geocentric theory? __________ started the geocentric theory? What is the heliocentric theory? Was the heliocentric theory true or false? __________ started the heliocentric theory? Was Kepler's theory correct? What is a nebula? True or false? Kepler proposed the modern model of the solar system. True or false? Kepler did not proposed the modern model of the solar system. Was Copernicus heliocentric or geocentric? People once believed that all planets and stars orbited around ___________. Was Ptolemy heliocentric or geocentric? People now believe that all planets and stars orbited around ___________. Johannes Kepler discovered that the orbits of planets are ___________. Planets formed from ____, ______, and _______ left over from the formation of the Sun at the center of the cloud. Put a comma in between all three answers. Was Galileo heliocentric or geocentric? True or false? Galileo discovered that the orbits in which planets move around the sun are elliptical. True or false? Galileo did not observe that the orbits in which planets move around the sun are elliptical. In 1543, ___________ published his views of Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun. True or false? The Sun and all objects orbiting it make up the solar system. Where the early Greeks heliocentric or geocentric? What are some of the characteristics of Earth? What are some of the characteristics of Mercury? What are some of the characteristics of Venus? What are some of the characteristics of Mars? What are the inner planets from closest to the sun from farthest from the sun? What are the inner planets from farthest from the sun from closest to the sun? What occurs when the moon moves between Earth and the sun and blocks the light? What is the path followed by an object in space around another object in space? What is depressions on the Moon's surface formed by the impact of meteoroids? If there were no __________, inertia would cause the moon to travel in a straight line. Where might water be found on the moon? True or false? The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. Based upon what you have learned about the position of the earth, sun, and moon during a lunar eclipse, during which phase of the moon can a lunar eclipse occur? A tide with the least distance between low and high tides is called a ___________ tide. Craters on the surface of the moon are caused by the impact of _______________. In the Southern Hemisphere, the summer solstice occurs when the direct sunlight is _______________. What separates the inner planets from the outer planets? Mercury's diameter is __________ km. How many Earth days does it take for Mercury to rotate? How many Earth years does it take for Mercury to revolute? Does Mercury have moons? If yes, how many? Does Mercury have an atmosphere? Venus's diameter is ________ km. How many Earth days does it take for Venus to rotate? How many Earth days does it take for Venus to revolute? Does Venus have moons? If yes, how many? Does Venus have an atmosphere? Earth's Diameter is ________ km. Does Earth have moons? If yes, how many? Does Earth have an atmosphere? Mars's diameter is _________ km. How many Earth days does it take for Mars to rotate? How many Earth years does it take for Mars to rotate? Does Mars have moons? If yes, how many? Does Mars have an atmosphere? What is Mars's atmosphere mainly consisting of? Which planet has extremely high surface temperatures due to the greenhouse effect? The orbits of ________ and _________ lie closer to the Sun than does Earth's orbit. Put a comma in between answers. The planet known for being covered in cliffs and craters and having a weak magnetic field is _____________. The Viking landers sent back pictures of the reddish-colored, barren, rocky, windswept surface of __________. True or false? The surface of Mars has long channels that may have been caused by flowing water. The planet known for having large amounts of iron oxide in its soil and polar ice caps is ______________. ___________ is known for having large amounts of iron oxide in its soil and polar ice caps. True or false? Venus experiences an intense greenhouse effect. What planet out of these has no atmosphere? a) Earth b) Mars c) Mercury What are the characteristics of Jupiter? What is the Great Red Spot? Where is the Great Red Spot? What are the characteristics of Saturn? What are the characteristics of Uranus? What are the characteristics of Neptune? Does Neptune have rings? Does Saturn have rings? What are the characteristics of Pluto? What is the order of the outer planets from closest to the sun to farthest away? What is the order of the outer planets from farthest away from the sun to closest? What is the order of the outer planets and dwarf planets from closest to the sun to farthest away? What is the order of the outer planets and dwarf planets from farthest away from the sun to closest? True or false? Most outer planets are gaseous. True or false? Most outer planets are not gaseous. What is the only exception of the outer planets gaseous rule? What is the largest planet? What does Jupiter's atmosphere mostly contain? When is the Great Red Spot visible? Does Jupiter have moons? If yes, how many? What is the second largest planet? What does Saturn's atmosphere mostly contain? _______________ has the most extensive ring system of any of the planets. The rings of Saturn consists mainly of _______ and ________ particles. Put a comma in between answers. In each of Saturn's rings there are small little _____________. Does Saturn have moons? If yes, how many? True or false? Uranus has a blue color. What is Uranus's atmosphere made of? True or false? Uranus is tilted completely sideways on its axis. What color does Neptune look? What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? Does Neptune have storm spots on it? What type of surface does Pluto have? Does Pluto have moons? If yes, how many? True or false? Pluto's moon is over half the diameter of Pluto itself. Which planet gives off nearly twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun? Both _______ and _______ give off more energy than they receive from the Sun. Put a comma in between answers. How many Earths could fit inside Jupiter? All the outer planets have rings, but the planet with the most complex ring system is _____________. Methane absorbs the red and yellow light on __________ and ___________, while the clouds of these planets reflect the green and blue light. Put a comma in between answers. The asteroid belt is located in between ___________ and _________. Put a comma in between answers. ______________ has colorful clouds in bands of white, red, tan, and brown. True or false? The outer planets, besides Pluto, are small, rocky planets with iron cores. Which planet has an axis of rotation tilted on its side? __________ is characterized by dark-colored storms and eight moons. What planet is one quarter the size of Earth, has no moons, and has an almost non-existent atmosphere? What planet has an atmosphere of hydrogen, helium and methane that makes it appear blue, and is the only planet tilted sideways. Who created the modern model of the solar system by discovering that the plantes move in elipses? In 1543, ____________ published his views of Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun. List the inner planets in order from the closest to the Sun to the farthest from the Sun. Pluto was considered the _______________ planet. Solar energy trapped by gases in Venus's atmosphere causes the ______________. What keeps the planets in orbit around the sun? What causes the extremely high temperatures on the surface of Venus? True or false? The outer planets are Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury. If false, then what are the outer planets? What is constellation? What familiar object does constellation look like? What animal does constellation look like? What character does constellation look like? Where does constellation form a pattern? What is absolute magnitude? What is apparent magnitude? What is a light-year? About how many kilometers does a light-year travel? What is a light-year used to record? What is Polaris? True or false? There is a difference between absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude. True or false? There is not a difference between absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude. Light travels about _________ km/second. Light travels over ______________ kilometers per year. Light travels over ______________ kilometers per year. (exact number) Light travels over ______________ miles per year. (exact number) What is parallax? What is a spectrograph? What does a spectrograph break down? Who first used the zodiac constellations? ______________ is the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two locations. What is the apparent movement of a star used to measure its distance from Earth? The positions of the constellations appear to change throughout the year because ______________. A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is a star's ____________. True or false? A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year. Its __________ makes Sirius the brightest star in the night sky. A measure of the amount of the light given off by a star is its ________________. True or false? A star with no measurable parallax is very close to Earth. What is the distance measurements based on the speed of light that is used for objects in space? ________________ are patterns of stars in the sky. What is a photosphere? What does a photosphere give off? What is the photosphere's temperature? What is a corona? True or false? The corona is the largest layer of the sun's atmosphere? True or false? The corona extends millions of kilometers into space. True or false? The corona is the smallest layer of the sun's atmosphere? What is the corona's temperature? What is the chromosphere? What is a sunspot? What are the three main layers of the sun from the inside to the outside? What are the three main layers of the sun from the outside to the inside? In the sun's layers, where is all of the energy produced through? What is fusion? What are the three main layers of the sun's atmosphere? What is the photosphere? The sun is made up of 75% ____________ and 25% ___________________. True or false? The temperature in the photosphere can reach approximately 6,000 degrees kelvin. What the is the hottest part of the sun? True or false? The corona can reach over 2 million degrees kelvin. Can we track sunspots? What are prominences? What color are prominences? What are solar flares? What does CME stand for? Do CME's cause damage to Earth? What are auroras? What are auroras characterized by? Where are auroras usually located? True or false? The sun is an average star. True or false? The sun is not an average star. Our Sun is unusual because it does not belong to a(n) ___________________. Dark, cooler areas on the Sun's surface are called ___________. The intense magnetic fields of sunspots cause arch-like eruptions called _________________. The layers of the Sun from the inside out are __________, __________, and __________. What is the process that produces energy in the sun? The sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen atoms into ________________ atoms in its core. True or false? A nebula is the first stage of a star's life cycle. What is a supergiant? True or false? A supergiant can eventually explode to form a supernova. What is a giant? What is a neutron star? A neutron star can shrink to about ________ km in diameter. What does a neutron star contain? What is a white dwarf? When is a white dwarf formed What is a black hole? What is the HR diagram? Who came up with the HR diagram? How many percent of stars are sequence stars? Why do stars shine? What causes the energy to be released? What does main sequence mean? Approximately how long does a star's life cycle take? True or false? Stars go through an evolution process in their life cycle. They begin as a nebula, which is debris and gas spread out into space. Eventually, the gas begins to contract and gravitational pull pulls it tighter and tighter together. Once this happens and the temperature increases so much that fusion begins, the star is born. Once the star is born, it goes through its main sequence on the HR diagram. Main sequence is when the cooler the star, the less light it'll give off and the hotter the star, the more light it'll give off. This is how it typically goes. If there is a hydrogen supply for the fusion, it will continue to go through its main sequence. This life cycle of a star can take approximately 10 billion years. Therefore, the cycle is very long. If the hydrogen supply runs out, then the nucleus of the star will begin to contract. When the nucleus of the star contracts, it heats up. Then, the outer part expands and cools down. This is when the star is classified as a giant. Once this continues to happen and the nucleus contracts more and more and more, more heat is generated, and the outside part falls away. That's classified as a white dwarf. In some cases, when the star is so large, (up to eight times the size of our star) this evolution process will happen quicker and more violent. If that happens, we can get supergiants, which is the same process of a giant happening, but it happens faster, and supernovas, which is when the nucleus contracts in and happens so quickly that a giant shockwave is sent out, and the outer layers end up exploding. If this happens and the star nucleus is large enough, it will keep contracting and contracting into a very small space that only neutrons are able to stay together in. The density of this space is very, very high. That's called a neutron star. If this continues to happen and be pulled in so tightly, then everything around it will be pulled in as well, and nothing will be able to escape it. Light will be trapped. This is called a black hole. In a black hole, there's a point where the gravitational pull of the black hole will and does not expand. That's called the horizon. Therefore, materials and objects can be going around outside of a black hole, as long as they are pass the horizon. Eventually that material that exploded away from the star will go off into a different nebula, and the whole process restarts. That means that matter is never lost, it's just recycled into a new star. True or false? Stars go through an evolution process in their life cycle. They begin as a nebula, which is debris and gas spread out into space. Eventually, the gas begins to contract and gravitational pull pulls it tighter and tighter together. Once this happens and the temperature increases so much that fusion begins, the star is born. Once the star is born, it goes through its main sequence on the HR diagram. Main sequence is when the cooler the star, the less light it'll give off and the hotter the star, the more light it'll give off. This is how it typically goes. If there is a hydrogen supply for the fusion, it will continue to go through its main sequence. This life cycle of a star can take approximately 10 billion years. Therefore, the cycle is very long. If the hydrogen supply runs out, then the nucleus of the star will begin to contract. When the nucleus of the star contracts, it heats up. Then, the outer part expands and cools down. This is when the star is classified as a giant. Once this continues to happen and the nucleus contracts more and more and more, more heat is generated, and the outside part falls away. That's classified as a white dwarf. In some cases, when the star is so large, (up to eight times the size of our star) this evolution process will happen quicker and more violent. If that happens, we can get supergiants, which is the same process of a giant happening, but it happens faster, and supernovas, which is when the nucleus contracts in and happens so quickly that a giant shockwave is sent out, and the outer layers end up exploding. If this happens and the star nucleus is large enough, it will keep contracting and contracting into a very small space that only neutrons are able to stay together in. The density of this space is very, very high. That's called a neutron star. If this continues to happen and be pulled in so tightly, then everything around it will be pulled in as well, and nothing will be able to escape it. Light will be trapped. This is called a black hole. In a black hole, there's a point where the gravitational pull of the black hole will and does not expand. That's called the horizon. Therefore, materials and objects can be going around outside of a black hole, as long as they are pass the horizon. Eventually that material that exploded away from the star will go off into a different nebula, and the whole process restarts. That means that matter is never lost, it's just recycled into a new star. If false, rewrite statement. True or false? As a shockwave is sent out, the outer layers explode off into space. True or false? Matter is never lost, it's just recycled into a new star. True or false? Matter can disappear. A main sequence star becomes a _______________ after it uses up the hydrogen in its core. What is the graph that shows the relationship of a star's temperature to its absolute magnitude? Our sun is considered average because its temperature and absolute magnitude place it in the middle of the _________________ range of the H-R diagram. Stars that are not very hot but give off a lot of light are ___________________. About 90% of the stars in space are main ___________ stars. What is the area beyond a black hole where the black hole has stopped expanding and matter will no longer be pulled in? Which is the correct life sequence of a star? What is the classification of most stars on the H-R diagram? Which type of stars are very hot but give off little light? A star begins as a(n) __________, a large cloud of gas and dust. What is a galaxy? A galaxy can be __________, ____________, or ______________. What is the Big Bang Theory? When was the Big Bang Theory? What are the three different types of galaxies? What galaxy do we live in? What type of galaxy is the Milky Way Galaxy? What is the Steady State Theory? What is the Oscillating Model? What is the most supported theory of the universe? What is the Doppler Shift? What is the Red Shift? What is nebulae? About how long does it take the solar system to orbit the galaxy? A red shift in the spectrum of the light from an object indicates the object is moving ____________ you. A galaxy that has a shape similar to a football is a(n) ______________ galaxy. A group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity is a(n) ________________. The spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy can't be seen from Earth because ___________________. True or false? The Steady State Theory of the origin of the universe is another name for the Big Bang theory. What is a galaxy type without a definite shape? What are three dimensional galaxies that can be shaped like a football? What supports the theory that the universe is expanding? The _______________ states that between 15 and 20 billion years ago, the universe began expanding out of an enormous explosion. True or false? The Big Crunch Theory states that between 15 and 20 billion years ago, the universe began expanding out of an enormous explosion. True or false? The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. Electrically charged flares that arch up from the Sun are known as ____________. The sun is currently a ____________ star. True or false? Constellations are only visible in certain seasons due to the revolution of the Earth toward the constellation. True or false? All galaxies follow the law of gravity. Do all galaxies follow the law of gravity? Our sun is all of the following except ______________. a) a main sequence star b) a yellow star c) part of a binary system d) of average absolute magnitude Prominences and flares on the Sun can best be described as ________. Dark, cooler areas on the Sun's surface are called _______. The Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen atoms into _________________ atoms in its core. The intense magnetic fields of sunspots cause arch-like eruptions called ____________. True or false? Our Sun is part of a binary system. True or false? Our Sun is not part of a binary system. Two stars orbit each other in a(n) ___________ star system. What is the second largest planet, with an atmosphere of mainly hydrogen and helium, and rings of ice and rock particles? What is half the size of Earth, has two moons, and has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide? Johannes Kepler discovered that the orbits of planets are _______________. People once believed that all planets and stars orbited around (the) ________________. True or false? Usually the outermost planet of the solar system is Jupiter. The outer planets are made up mostly of _________. Venus and Earth both experience a(n) _______________ because of heat trapped by their atmospheres. The orbits of _______________ and __________________ lie closer to the Sun than does Earth's orbit. All the outer planets have rings, but the planet with the most complex ring system is __________. In 1543, ______________ published his views of Earth and other planets revolving around the Sun. What is a grouping of stars that resembles a picture? The Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen atoms into _____________ atoms in its core. ____________ are flares of electrically charged particles coming off of sunspots. What type of star is very hot but gives off very little light? In the evolution of extremely large stars, they begin as supergiants or supernovas, if the star nucleus is large enough it will continue to contract and form neutron stars, and finally, if the contractions continue, everything around the neutron star and the neutron star itself will be pulled into what is called a __________. The earth is located _______ of the Milky Way galaxy. ___________ is the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two locations. Our sun is unusual because it does not belong to a(n) _____________. What is the outermost part of the sun's atmosphere called? The Big Bang theory of the formation and expansion of the universe is supported by the observed ________________. A ______________ is a region so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field. The hotter the star, the more light it gives off, the cooler the star the less light it gives off. Stars that follow this pattern are __________. All of the sun's energy is produced in its core through __________