APHY 101 Final Exam 2023

APHY 101 Final Exam 2023 What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - ANSWER Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts What are the levels of organization? - ANSWER subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? - ANSWER Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? - ANSWER Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Define homeostasis - ANSWER Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism? - ANSWER the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter - ANSWER Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element - ANSWER fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms Define atoms - ANSWER smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter What is the structure of an atom? - ANSWER An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus - ANSWER the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton - ANSWER subatomic particle that has a positive charge Neutron - ANSWER subatomic particle that has no charge Electron - ANSWER subatomic particle that has a negative charge Atomic number - ANSWER number or protons in nucleus Atomic mass - ANSWER number of protons plus number of neutrons What are covalent bonds? - ANSWER Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells What are ionic bonds? - ANSWER 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bo nd when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom What are hydrogen bonds? - ANSWER Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules Define ion - ANSWER When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions. Define synthesis reaction - ANSWER Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together Define decomposition reaction - ANSWER Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Define exchange reaction - ANSWER Parts of molecules trade places Define reactant - ANSWER The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Define product - ANSWER Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction Define catalyst - ANSWER influence the rates of chemical reactions What is an acid? - ANSWER Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water What is a base? - ANSWER Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water What is a salt ? - ANSWER Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes What is a pH scale? - ANSWER represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution Neutral solution - ANSWER pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH- Acidic solutio n - ANSWER pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+ Basic solution - ANSWER pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH- What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? - ANSWER organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - ANSWER Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers. What are carbohydrates? - ANSWER Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What are lipids? - ANSWER Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are proteins? - ANSWER Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds What are nucleic acids? - ANSWER Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) - ANSWER Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated