Econ 211 notes for exam

Government intervention in markets can have significant impacts on market equilibrium. Price controls, such as price ceilings and floors, can lead to shortages, reduced quality, and inefficient allocation of resources or result in unemployment and reduced job opportunities. Taxes and subsidies can influence demand and supply, but they can also distort market signals, lead to overproduction, and impose burdens on taxpayers. Regulations, such as environmental standards and antitrust laws, can improve public health and promote competition, but they may also increase costs for businesses and limit innovation. The consequences of government intervention depend on policy design, implementation, and context, with unintended consequences like black markets and regulatory capture also being important considerations. Policymakers must carefully weigh the potential trade-offs and unintended effects when deciding to intervene in markets.