Investigative psychology
↳ attemptto apply
statistical procedures
to
aim to establish patterns ofbehaviour that
a re
likely occur to then have a
·
baseline for comparison.
e.g personal history +
background
family
+ Evidence for
·
Interpersonal coherence -
the
way
an offender behaves the
at scene
e.g
geographical profiling
sundrigont center collected information
humiliate and
some some are
apologetic.
from 120 murder cases in the us.
·Forensic awareness describes these individuals who have been the
Location created centre of
be mindful.
ofeach body
subjectofpolice interrogation before may more
offenders base.
gravity for
·supports geographical profiling.
OFFENDER PROFILING:
Geographical profiling
BOTTOM- UP APPROACH
THE Geographical information may notbe
sufficient
-
↳ information about
t he location to make inferences
Recording of crimes is not
always accurate,
·
↳
abouthome offender.
of
aim to
generate a picture the offender through systematic
of
75% are notreported.
analysis of evidence t he
at crime scene.
spatial consistency
-
people crimes
commit within
a limited
geographical space. I S
Geographical information relies on accurate
Serial offenders will restrict
their workto information such as time tage.
geographical
·
Evaluation
Alone notbe successful.
areas
they are familiar with. it
may
·Basis circle The distribution
canters
of
theory. ofOffences
+ Evidence
leads
for investigative psychology
us to describe an offender in one
of two
ways:
·canter
Heritage conducted 66 sexual
analysis
on of
-> The marauder-operates in close
proximity
to home.
assault
cases.
-> The commuter to have travelled
likely a
large
-
distance.
.
several behaviours were identified as common
e.g
lack ofreaction to victim.
·This supports the basic principles thatpeople are consistent
in behaviour.
However case
linkage depends database which will
-
on the
consistofhistorical crimes thathave been solved.
only
·
Doesn'thelp for crimes thatremain unsolved.
, offender profiling constructing an FBI profile
Evaluation
↳ four main
stages
↳investigative tool
employed by police when
solving
crimes.
Research support
+
1) Data assimilation -
the profiler reviews the
·Aim isto narrow suspects.
likely
listo f
·Center etal conducted analysis of 100 us
evidence is used evidence.
scrutiny ofthe crime scene
analysis of
+
murders each committed different
by a
to
generate hypotheses aboutthe offender. 2) Crime scene classification (organised/disorganised)
serial killer.
3) Crime reconstruction in terms
hypotheses of
-
·spaceanalysis used to
identify correlations.
organised and
disorganised types ofoffenders sequence ofevents, behaviour victim, ect.
of
·subsetof features ofserial matched
↳
signature ways to the killing
of working. 4) Profile generation -
hypotheses related
topology:qualidity.
FBI's
organised offenders
likely offender e.g demographic background
However studies
many suggestthatthe
-
·Evidence of
having planned crime in advance
victim is targeted.
deliberately organised disorganised types
+
are not
mutually
OFFENDER PROFILING:
and exclusive.
·High degree ofcontrol during the crime
may
APPROACH
THE
TOP DOWN
with detached Godwin (2002) argues it's difficultto classify
operate surgical
·
precision.
killers the
·Little evidence or clues leftat the scene. as one or other
type.
.
TIQ, professional oppucation
+
family The American Topology is
probably
more ofa continuum.
approach I
Disorganised offenders ↳ The
top down approach originated in the us
from the
little evidence of
planning suggesting their offences FBI in 1970s.
+ Wider
application
be
may spontaneous. drew
can be adapted to other
types of crime
The FBI's Behavioural science unit upon data
·
nature ofattack.
crime scene reflects impulsive meketa reportstop-down approach applied to
gathered from in depth interviews with 36
sexually
·
tend to have t IQ, unemployed, failed relationships 85% in solved in 3
motivated murderers. burglary. cases us states.
and live close.
wider application than assumed.
.
They concluded the data could be categorised into originally
organised/disorganised offenders/crimes.
Each had certain characteristics that
-
Flawed evidence
category
·
ifdata
meant from a crime scene matched we
·
FBI
profiling was developed using interviews
could characteristics. with 36 murderers in US.
predictother
·24were
organised 12
+
disorganised.
·center etal
argued the sample was poor.
↳ attemptto apply
statistical procedures
to
aim to establish patterns ofbehaviour that
a re
likely occur to then have a
·
baseline for comparison.
e.g personal history +
background
family
+ Evidence for
·
Interpersonal coherence -
the
way
an offender behaves the
at scene
e.g
geographical profiling
sundrigont center collected information
humiliate and
some some are
apologetic.
from 120 murder cases in the us.
·Forensic awareness describes these individuals who have been the
Location created centre of
be mindful.
ofeach body
subjectofpolice interrogation before may more
offenders base.
gravity for
·supports geographical profiling.
OFFENDER PROFILING:
Geographical profiling
BOTTOM- UP APPROACH
THE Geographical information may notbe
sufficient
-
↳ information about
t he location to make inferences
Recording of crimes is not
always accurate,
·
↳
abouthome offender.
of
aim to
generate a picture the offender through systematic
of
75% are notreported.
analysis of evidence t he
at crime scene.
spatial consistency
-
people crimes
commit within
a limited
geographical space. I S
Geographical information relies on accurate
Serial offenders will restrict
their workto information such as time tage.
geographical
·
Evaluation
Alone notbe successful.
areas
they are familiar with. it
may
·Basis circle The distribution
canters
of
theory. ofOffences
+ Evidence
leads
for investigative psychology
us to describe an offender in one
of two
ways:
·canter
Heritage conducted 66 sexual
analysis
on of
-> The marauder-operates in close
proximity
to home.
assault
cases.
-> The commuter to have travelled
likely a
large
-
distance.
.
several behaviours were identified as common
e.g
lack ofreaction to victim.
·This supports the basic principles thatpeople are consistent
in behaviour.
However case
linkage depends database which will
-
on the
consistofhistorical crimes thathave been solved.
only
·
Doesn'thelp for crimes thatremain unsolved.
, offender profiling constructing an FBI profile
Evaluation
↳ four main
stages
↳investigative tool
employed by police when
solving
crimes.
Research support
+
1) Data assimilation -
the profiler reviews the
·Aim isto narrow suspects.
likely
listo f
·Center etal conducted analysis of 100 us
evidence is used evidence.
scrutiny ofthe crime scene
analysis of
+
murders each committed different
by a
to
generate hypotheses aboutthe offender. 2) Crime scene classification (organised/disorganised)
serial killer.
3) Crime reconstruction in terms
hypotheses of
-
·spaceanalysis used to
identify correlations.
organised and
disorganised types ofoffenders sequence ofevents, behaviour victim, ect.
of
·subsetof features ofserial matched
↳
signature ways to the killing
of working. 4) Profile generation -
hypotheses related
topology:qualidity.
FBI's
organised offenders
likely offender e.g demographic background
However studies
many suggestthatthe
-
·Evidence of
having planned crime in advance
victim is targeted.
deliberately organised disorganised types
+
are not
mutually
OFFENDER PROFILING:
and exclusive.
·High degree ofcontrol during the crime
may
APPROACH
THE
TOP DOWN
with detached Godwin (2002) argues it's difficultto classify
operate surgical
·
precision.
killers the
·Little evidence or clues leftat the scene. as one or other
type.
.
TIQ, professional oppucation
+
family The American Topology is
probably
more ofa continuum.
approach I
Disorganised offenders ↳ The
top down approach originated in the us
from the
little evidence of
planning suggesting their offences FBI in 1970s.
+ Wider
application
be
may spontaneous. drew
can be adapted to other
types of crime
The FBI's Behavioural science unit upon data
·
nature ofattack.
crime scene reflects impulsive meketa reportstop-down approach applied to
gathered from in depth interviews with 36
sexually
·
tend to have t IQ, unemployed, failed relationships 85% in solved in 3
motivated murderers. burglary. cases us states.
and live close.
wider application than assumed.
.
They concluded the data could be categorised into originally
organised/disorganised offenders/crimes.
Each had certain characteristics that
-
Flawed evidence
category
·
ifdata
meant from a crime scene matched we
·
FBI
profiling was developed using interviews
could characteristics. with 36 murderers in US.
predictother
·24were
organised 12
+
disorganised.
·center etal
argued the sample was poor.
