History of Funeral Service Final Exam with complete solutions

Funeral - Answer- from the latin word funeralis meaning torch light procession Factors that determine the type of funeral one has - Answer- Wealth Importance Status Western Culture is comprised of - Answer- Greek aesthetics & philosophy Roman Law Judeo-Christian Traditions Death Beliefs of Egyptians (3) - Answer- 1. Soul struggled with good & evil throughout life 2. Judged by your behavior on Earth after death 3. Embalming became important Circle of Necessity - Answer- 3000 year journey the soul took Egyptian Dry Burial - Answer- Shrouded & laid upon a bed of charcoal under 6-8ft of sand Dry air & nitrous soil provided a slow decomposition First Class of Egyptian Embalming - Answer- Reserved for the wealthy & high in rank Elaborate & expensive 1. Brain & viscera removed & preserved in 4 canopic jars 2. Head & body cavities were washed & filled w/spices 3. Body immersed in a solution w/nitron for 40 days & wrapped in linen Second class of Egyptian embalming - Answer- 1. Injection of cedar oil into body cavities w/out evisceration 2. Body soaked in nitron for a period of time 3. Cedar oil dissolves soft organs leaving only preserved skin & bones Third class of Egyptian embalming - Answer- For poorer classes 1. body soaked in a soda solution for 70 days 2. Bitumen or pitch was used creating the black mummy Herodotus - Answer- Father of History Wrote most of what we know about Egyptian embalming Egyptians & Africans didn't want the dead bodies touching the ground so they used - Answer- Coffins Examples of Egyptian coffins are - Answer- Sarcophagus Anthropoid Who used Egyptian undertaking specialists? - Answer- Wealthy & High Ranked Kher-heb - Answer- Priest Supervisor Surgeon - Answer- Chief Embalmer Scribe - Answer- Made the mark for incision Parachistes - Answer- Made the Incision Apothecary - Answer- Made aromatic powders, ointments & oils Pollinctors - Answer- Anointed the body with oils Necropolis - Answer- City of the dead Consisted of cemeteries/places for burial Mortuary Temple - Answer- place for preparation of the dead Ancient Greek Death Beliefs - Answer- Felt death was the harshest part of life Felt dead lived a bodily existence under the Earth Theory of Disembodied Souls - Answer- Dead lived a bodily existence under the Earth Brought intro to cremation Prye - Answer- pile of wood used to cremate Who prepared the body of the dead in Greek Funerals? - Answer- The Family Who washed the bodies in a Greek Funeral? What was used? - Answer- Women Warm water & anointed w/oils, spices & perfumes How was the body in a Greek Funeral dressed? - Answer- by women in white Greek Funeral Procession - Answer- began an hour before dawn Had a bier, female mourners & dirge singers Bodies were cremated or buried Bier - Answer- hand stretcher used to carry the remains to the grave Female mourners in Greek Customs - Answer- had to be over 60 years old or related by blood & over 16 years old What did the Greek believe of cremation? - Answer- That the power of the flames set the soul free Greek Coffins - Answer- made of wood, stone or clay mainly used by the wealthy & important Types of Greek Tombs - Answer- Stelae-Shafts Kiones- columns trapezae- square cut Funeral Fest - Answer- meal that broke fast that the grieving had been keeping Connections of the Gods to Greek Funeral? - Answer- Gave gods sacrifices Suttee - Answer- When husband died wife would join him on the funeral pyre Funeral Functionaries - Answer- people who took care of the dead in Roman funeral What was hung outside of the door in Roman times? - Answer- Cypress & pine What did the Romans believe about the body? - Answer- it had to only lie instate Libitinarius - Answer- head undertaker direct ancestor of the modern funeral director Pollinctores - Answer- Embalmer/slave Designator - Answer- Master of ceremonies Director of funeral procession Praeco - Answer- Crier Invited/summoned people for the funeral Libitina - Answer- Goddess of corpses & funerals Animistic View - Answer- doctrine that the soul is the vital part & although is it separated from the body by death it hovers around the place of burial for its continued peace & happiness Cult-Theory - Answer- joining a god in a wondrous existence in eternity or being sent to a world of torment, gloom & unhappiness Epicureans - Answer- Body & soul were composed of atoms which disintegrated at death & that afterlife was no different than before-life Christianity - Answer- first theological view of death Roman Burial Customs - Answer- Practiced cremation & Earth burial Burial prohibited within the city walls for sanitary reasons Extramural Burial - Answer- burial outside the walls Columbaria - Answer- great tombs with niches for cremated remains Roman Funeral Procession for Ordinary People - Answer- Deceased surrounded the family Carried dead to tomb on shoulders of sons/relatives Sometimes had musicians leading Usually at Night Roman Funeral Procession for the Wealthy - Answer- Attract Notice Musicians led procession singers Happened during the day Had Torch Bearers Eulogy Professional Mourners - Answer- Hired women who shrieked & beat their breasts Call out to the dead Tear out their hair & rip their garments Used to display enough emotion over the dead Constantine - Answer- First Christian emperor of Rome (314-379 AD) What did Constantine do? - Answer- instituted government funding for proper burial for those who couldn't afford it Prohibited excessive spending on funerals How was the late 19th century? - Answer- Very formal & stiff A Typical Funeral in the 19th century in the Rural Area - Answer- Family took care of laying the body out Undertaker ordered casket & helped place body in casket Family prepared & washed the body Visitation was at home Funeral was at home A Typical Funeral in the 19th century in the City - Answer- Undertaker in charge Took care of all arrangements Laid out the body Notified the clergy Notified the family (telegram) Ordered casket Visitation at home Funeral at home How did a widow dress in the late 19th century? - Answer- Wore black for a min of 1 year after 2 years returned to normal clothes How did a widower dress in the late 19th century? - Answer- Wore black for a min of 1 year What did everyone in the late 19th century wear to funerals? - Answer- Black colored clothes Door Badges - Answer- Ribbons/Crepes that hung on the door of the house where the deceased lived What were door badges used for? - Answer- Showed that the home was in mourning Indicating where the wake was Black door badge - Answer- Indicates an older person has died White door badge - Answer- indicates a young person has died White door badge with rosettes & ribbons - Answer- Indicates a young adult has died When was the first crematory built in the USA? - Answer- 1876 Where was the first crematory built in the USA? - Answer- Washington, PA Who built the first crematory in the USA? - Answer- Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne What was cremation referred to as? - Answer- Flame Burial In the Late 19th Century the country was moving from an agrarian society to - Answer- One of industry & manufacturing Why was the Undertaker Associations designed? - Answer- To make the Undertakers more professional The Undertaker's Mutual Protective Association of Philadelphia - Answer- 1864 First formal organization of Undertakers Chicago Undertaker's Association - Answer- Formed in 1868 When were the Undertaker Associations formed in most major cities? - Answer- Who and When was the first state convention suggested? - Answer- Alan Durfee in January 1880 National Funeral Industrial Exposition - Answer- First national convention in Rochester, NY in 1882 What was the National Funeral Directors Association formally known as? - Answer- Funeral Directors Association of the United States When did it become the National Funeral Directors Association? - Answer- 1882 What was the National Funeral Directors Association's magazine called? - Answer- The Director Its purpose was to inform state associations of new developments nation wide & world wide When was the National Selected Morticians Founded? - Answer- 1917 National Selected Mo