M2_ Module 2 Review_ Essential Microbiology with Lab

Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 1 Your Answer: What is cellular metabolism? controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 2 Your Answer: What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? 4/29/23, 8:42 PM M2: Module 2 Review: Essential Microbiology with Lab-2021-Stepp catalyze chemical reactions can be regulated by a cofactor, which is a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during the catalyst reaction Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 3 Your Answer: What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? catabolism = breaking down larger molecules into E anabolism = biosynthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules, uses E Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 4 4/29/23, 8:42 PM M2: Module 2 Review: Essential Microbiology with Lab-2021-Stepp Answer 1: Answer 2: ATP has the energy to donate , while ADP has the capacity to accept energy. Correct! Donate Correct! Accept Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 5 Your Answer: Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? organotrophs = remove e- from organic molecules lithotropes = remove e- from inorganic molecules Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 6 Your Answer: Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? 4/29/23, 8:42 PM M2: Module 2 Review: Essential Microbiology with Lab-2021-Stepp oxidative phosphorylation: E released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria, highly efficient Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 7 Your Answer: What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? Glycolysis Fermentation/Respiration Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2 additional molecules of ATP can be produced. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the mitochondrial membrane. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 8 What are the reactants of glycolysis? 4/29/23, 8:42 PM M2: Module 2 Review: Essential Microbiology with Lab-2021-Stepp Your Answer: Glucose + 2NAD+ + [2ADP + 2Pi] Reactants are defined as any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 9 Your Answer: What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized? fermentation and respiration Fermentation and Respiration are the two strategies used by the cell to convert NADH (end product of glycolysis) back to NAD+. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) while respiration occurs under aerobic (presence of oxygen) conditions. Notably, respiration is more efficient that fermentation. Ques 0 / 0 pts tion 10 Your Answer: How are the TCA and ETC related? 4/29/23, 8:42 PM M2: Module 2 Review: Essential Microbiology with Lab-2021-Stepp TCA produces the electron carriers that fuel the generation of ATP via the ETC The end products of the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle are used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb’s cycle (TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced.