Geography AQA PAPER 1

Geography AQA PAPER 1 Natural Hazard Ans- Any natural process that is a potential threat to human life and property Factors affecting hazard risk Ans- Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change Constructive plates Ans- Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano Ecotourism Ans- The practice of using an area's natural environment to attract tourists which is sustainable and won't damage area Destructive plate Ans- Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake Conservative plate Ans- Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes Where are volcanoes distributed? Ans- Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Where are earthquakes distributed? Ans- Coastline and tectonic plate boundaries Chile HIC earthquake Ans- 27th feb 2010, 8.8 Richter scale, caused on destructive plate margin PE- 5000 deaths, Santiago airport damaged SE- 1500km road damaged by landslide IR- Emergency service floating bridge, field hospitals LTR- President said 4 years to recover Nepal LIC earthquake Ans- 25th april 2015, 7.9 Richter scale, caused by collision of eurasian and Australian plate PE- 3 mil homeless SE- Avalanche 250 missing IR- Social media search, field hospitals LTR- Homeless rehoused, tourist site reopened Why would people live next to natural hazards? Ans- Rarity of volcano explosion, poverty, fertile flood plain soils How to reduce risk from tectonic hazard Ans- Monitoring- using scientific equipment to detect warning Prediction- historical events Protection- designing buildings Planning- identifying and avoiding places at risk Coriolis effect Ans- The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents. Formation of a storm Ans- 26 degrees water, close to equator, warm ocean heats air causing it to rise, water evaporates from hot surface, so rising air contains water vapour, air starts to spin, eye is calm Where do storms form? Ans- 5-15 degrees north and south of equator because there is not enough spin from the rotation of the earth elsewhere What 3 features can climate change effect in a storm? Ans- Distribution, frequency, intensity Typhoon Haiyan Ans- November 2013, category 5, Philippines PE- Tacloban airport damage SE- Looting and violence IR- Red cross gave food LTR- Oxfam supported fishing boats for income, cash for cleaning city Somerset Levels Flood Ans- Jan 2014 South West, caused by wettest Jan and low pressure driven across Atlantic ocean Social- 16 evacuated farms, no power Economic- £10m Environmental- Debris to be cleared IR- Villagers used boats to be evacuated LTR- £20m action plan to prevent flood by government Dam construction (preventing flood) Ans- Water is held back in a dam and released in a controlled way, is expensive, makes hydroelectric power, agricultural land lost River engineering (preventing flood) Ans- River may be widened or deepened to carry more water or straightened to flow faster, altering could lead to flood downstream Afforestation (preventing flooding) Ans- Trees planted to increase interception of rain water Managed flooding (preventing flooding) Ans- River floods naturally in places to prevent areas like settlements being flooded Evidence of climate change Ans- Rising sea level of 10-20cm in 100 years, seasonal change eg flowering takes place at a different time, shrinking glaciers most will be gone by 2035 Causes of climate change- natural Ans- Changes in earths orbit, varied heat output from sun, volcanic activity ash blocks out sunlight Causes of climate change- human Ans- Burning fossil fuels and realising co2 or deforestation Effects of climate change on people Ans- Can bring weather hazards and take lives or property. eg rainfall brings mosquitoes and malaria Managing climate change Ans- Carbon capture and storage technology to capture co2 from burning fossil fuels, using alternative energy resources, planting trees, international agreement Epping Forest Ans- North East of London on Essex border, 4km wide, deciduous woodland, vegetation determined by climate Primary producer Ans- Organisms that produce energy available for other organisms to eat eg plants and photosynthesis Consumers Ans- Get energy by consuming other organisms Nutrient cycle Ans- The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter How can change affect an eco system? Ans- Natural- drought dries out lake Human- eutrophication Tropical rainforest distribution Ans- Close to equator high temp heavy rainfall due to low equatorial pressure belt Desert distribution Ans- 30 degrees north and south of equator sub tropic high pressure belts sinking air stops cloud forming Polar distribution Ans- Arctic/Antartic Deciduous and coniferous Ans- 50-60 degrees north of equator shed leaves in winter to retain moisture Temperate Grassland distribution Ans- 30 degrees north and south of equator warm dry summer grass can tolerate because used for grazing animals Mediterranean distribution Ans- 40-45 degrees north of equator hot summer due to pressure belts moving north and south throughout year Tropical grassland (savanna) distribution Ans- 15-30 north and south of equator low latitudes dry season hot fires thunderstorms in wet season Tundra distribution Ans- From Arctic circle to 60-70 degrees north low growing plants adapted to cold Where is the Malaysian Rainforest? Ans- South East Asia Example of Malaysian rainforest plant adaptation Ans- Fan palms have large fan shaped leaves good for catching sunshine and water leaves are segmented to drain excess water Example of Malaysian rainforest animal adaptation Ans- Sloths have longer arms than legs to grab branches grooved fur and inactive lifestyle helps growth of algae to camouflage Threats to the Malaysian rainforest Ans- Commercial logging for palm oil, subsistence farming tribes burn trees to clear land, mineral extraction drilling for oil and gas, road building trees cut down Impacts of threats on Malaysian rainforest Ans- Soil erodes and becomes loose and infertile, loss of biodiversity and medicine, contribution to climate change Economic gains of deforestation Ans- Improved transport, hydroelectric power, minerals are valuable, palm oil industry benefits Economic losses of deforestation Ans- Medicine loss Why manage rainforests? Ans- Medicine, to keep biodiversity, water sources, tribes, reduce rate of global warming How to manage the Malaysian rainforest Ans- Selective logging and afforestation, conservation and education (preserving rainforest), international agreements, Ecotourism, Forest Estates have been created by the government where no change of land use is allowed, Creation of National Parks to protect biodiversity Thar Desert Ans- North West India most densely populated desert in the world How plants and animals adapt in the Thar desert Ans- Snakes retain water with waterproof skin and most rodents are nocturnal. Cacti have waxy skin to reduce water loss and store water in roots and stems Challenges of the Thar desert Ans- Temperature- working in high temperature hard for farmers and lead to water shortage Water supply- as a population and farming industry grows water need increases Accessibility issues- limited roads tarmac would melt Opportunity of the Thar Desert Ans- Minerals like gypsum can be used for cement, tourism camels for money, energy development solar panels, farming crops like wheat Causes of desertification Ans- Erosion, overgrazing, drought, soil compaction, agriculture Managing desertification Ans- Afforestation binds soil together leaves and branches give shade to animals, decrease livestock, manage grazing How do waves form? Ans- Waves form by wind blowing over the sea and the friction causes ripples Freeze thaw weathering Ans- Water flows