Chapter Page
1 Introduction to 21st Century Psychotherapies 1
2 Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies 10
3 Adlerian Psychotherapy 35
4 Client-Centered Therapy 54
5 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 72
6 Behavior Therapy 88
7 Cognitive Therapy 107
8 Existential Psychotherapy 127
9 Gestalt Therapy 142
10 Interpersonal Psychotherapy 160
11 Family Therapy 181
12 Contemplative Psychotherapies 201
13 Positive Psychotherapy 217
14 Integrative Psychotherapies 238
15 Multicultural Theories of Psychotherapy 257
16 Contemporary Challenges and Controversies 278
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, Chapter 1
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies
Authors: Frank Dumont
Key Points and Terms
Evolution of the Science and Profession of Psychology
Early attempts to address mental disorders include:
► Pre-Christian, temple-like asklepeia and other retreat centers, which used religio-
philosophical lectures, to assuage if not remedy psychological disorders.
► Hellenist physicians understood that the brain was not only the seat of knowledge and
learning but also the source of depression, delirium, and madness.
► Hippocrates insisted that his students address illnesses by natural means.
Psychotherapy in its present guise did not clearly emerge until the 18th century. Below are some
key players:
► Scientific study of the unconscious attributed to renowned polymath Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz:
▪ Investigated subliminal perceptions
▪ Coined the term “dynamic”
► Johann Friedrich Herbart:
▪ Attempted to apply mathematics to dynamics
▪ Suggested ideas struggle with one another to access consciousness
► Franz Anton Mesmer and his disciple the Marquis de Puysegur are influential in current
understanding of:
▪ hypnotherapy
▪ rapport between therapist and patient
▪ influence of the unconscious
▪ importance of the qualities of the therapist
▪ spontaneous remission of disorders
▪ hypnotic somnambulism
▪ selective function of unconscious memory
▪ role of patient confidence
▪ common factors across effective treatments
► Arthur Schopenhauer
▪ Work strongly influenced Freud
► Gustav T. Fechner
▪ Made distinction between waking and sleeping states
▪ Attempted to measure the intensity of psychic stimulation
► Herman von Helmholtz
▪ Discovered the phenomenon of unconscious inference
► Emil Kraepelin
▪ Attention to classifying diseases
► Carl Gustav Carus
Introduction to 21st-Century Psychotherapies 1