ASU BIO 181 MODULE 4 COMPLETED 2023 GRADED A+

ASU BIO 181 MODULE 4 COMPLETED 2023 GRADED A+ ASU BIO 181 Exam 4 1. Locomotion: Movement of an entire animal 2. Muscle fibers: long, slender cells that make up vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscle 3. myofibrils: fibers that make up muscles 4. Sarcomeres: parts of myofibrils-alternating light and dark bands 5. Sliding filament model: contraction of the muscle is dependent on how the sarcomeres shorten 6. Actin: Thin filaments (sarcomere protein) 7. Myosin: Thicker filaments (sarcomere protein) 8. Dark bands: where filaments overlap 9. Myosin "head": binds ATP and actin- changes shape when unit binds 10. Troponin and tropomyosin: block the myosin binding sites on the actin-Regulate muscle activity 11. ACh: On the Muscle cell, triggers depolarization that leads to action potential 12. Transverse Tubules: How action potential propagate and move into muscle cells 13. Action potentials: triggers Ca 2+ release 14. Muscle Classes: 1. Smooth Muscle 2. Cardiac Muscle 3. Skeletal Muscle 15. Smooth Muscle: Intestines, arteries, move food, regulate bp, single nucleus, unstriated, unbranched, no sarcomeres 16. Cardiac Muscle: Heart, Pump blood, 1 or 2 nuclei, striated, branched, contain sarcomeres 17. Skeletal Muscle: Attached to skeleton, move skeleton, multinucleate, striated, unbranched, contain sarcomeres 18. Parasympathetic (Smooth): ACh stimulates contraction fo smooth muscle in stomach and intestine 19. Sympathetic (Smooth): Norepinephrine inhibits contraction of smooth muscle in stomach and intestine (Epinephrine also released) 20. Parasympathetic (Cardiac): During rest. Slows down rate of depolarization of cardiac cells 1 / 5 ASU BIO 181 Exam 4 21. Sympathetic (Cardiac): Release norepinephrine and epinephrine (during exercise or flight/fight) -increase heart rates and strength of cardiac muscle 22. Skeletal Fiber Types: Slow Fiber Fast Fiber Intermediate Fiber 23. Slow Fiber: Specialized for endurance 24. Fast Fibers: Specialized for bursts of activity 25. Force of a muscle: Proportional to the cross-sectional area of the muscle 26. Skeletal Muscle functions: Protection, maintenance of body posture, re-extension of shortened muscles, transfer of muscle forces 27. Endoskeleton elements: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments 28. Bones: Hard ECM has CaPO4 with small amounts of CaCO3 and Protein fibers 29. Cartilage: Made of cells scattered in a gelatins matrix of polysaccharides 30. Tendons: Fibrous CT connect muscles to bones 31. Ligaments: Fibrous CT connects bones to bones 32. innate immunity: Immunity that is naturally present and nonspecific 33. adaptive immunity: require activation & respond to specific strands 34. antigens: foreign molecule that can initiate immune system 35. antibodies: blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen 36. toll-like receptors (TRLs): proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. 37. phagocy