HISTORY
STANDARD LEVEL
INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
FOR EXAM SESSION:
2023 MAY
, Table of Contents
Right and Protests .................................................................................................................................................3
Civil rights movement in the United States .......................................................................................................3
1. Background ...............................................................................................................................................3
2. Brown v. the Board of Education, 1954 ....................................................................................................4
3. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-6..................................................................................................5
4. Little Rock, 1957 .......................................................................................................................................6
5. Civil rights protests in the 1960s ................................................................................................................7
6. Ole Miss, 1962 ........................................................................................................................................10
7. Groups of the Civil Rights Movement .....................................................................................................10
8. Civil rights legislation ...............................................................................................................................11
Apartheid in South Africa ...............................................................................................................................13
1. UN Human Rights ..................................................................................................................................13
2. Historical background of South Africa ....................................................................................................13
3. The introduction of apartheid .................................................................................................................14
4. Opposition to Apartheid .........................................................................................................................17
5. The Rivonia Trial ....................................................................................................................................20
6. The Soweto Uprising (context) ................................................................................................................21
7. Significance of key individuals .................................................................................................................21
8. Significance of key groups .......................................................................................................................22
Causes and effects of 20th century wars ................................................................................................................24
The Falklands War .........................................................................................................................................24
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................24
2. Causes of War.........................................................................................................................................24
3. Practices and nature of the war and their impact on the outcome ...........................................................25
4. Closure ....................................................................................................................................................28
5. Effects of War .........................................................................................................................................28
The Spanish Civil War ...................................................................................................................................29
1. Causes of war ..........................................................................................................................................29
2. Practices of war and their impact on the outcome ...................................................................................32
3. Effects and results....................................................................................................................................34
The Chinese Civil War ...................................................................................................................................36
1. Causes of war ..........................................................................................................................................36
2. Practices of war .......................................................................................................................................38
3. Effects of war ...........................................................................................................................................41
1
, 4. Overview of the Chinese and Spanish Civil Wars ...................................................................................42
The Second World War.................................................................................................................................44
1. Causes .....................................................................................................................................................44
2. Practices ..................................................................................................................................................50
3. Effects and results of war .........................................................................................................................59
20th century authoritarian states............................................................................................................................64
Hitler’s Nazi Germany ....................................................................................................................................64
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................64
2. Emergence ..............................................................................................................................................64
3. Consolidation and maintenance of power ...............................................................................................70
4. Aims and results of policies .....................................................................................................................73
Castro’s Cuba ..................................................................................................................................................80
1. Emergence ..............................................................................................................................................80
2. Consolidation of power ...........................................................................................................................87
3. Maintenance of power .............................................................................................................................91
4. The Cold War ........................................................................................................................................93
5. Policies ....................................................................................................................................................94
2
, Right and Protests
Civil rights movement in the United States
1954 – 1965
1. Background
1.a. US Civil War (1864-65) and inequalities
th
- in 1865, President Abraham Lincoln signs the 13 amendment of the US Constitution, which officially ended slavery in
the USA
- however, new reforms of social discrimination emerged, which limited black people’s ability to vote
1.a.i. Jim Crow laws
- introduced in Southern States which made segregation the norm and ensured white supremacy
- "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African-American
- prohibited African Americans using public facilities like restaurants, cinemas, hotels, etc.
1
- disenfranchisement
o the Mississippi “Pig Law” of 1876, for example, broadened the definition of grand larceny from a theft of
anything valued at more than $25 to a value of $10
o black Americans’ right to vote would be systematically denied through the use of poll taxes, property tests,
intimidation and literacy tests
o grandfather clause – you could only vote if your grandfather was able to vote as well
- access to housing, education, and jobs were limited
- “separate but equal”
o in 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled, during the Plessy v. Ferguson case, that black and white people could be
separated as long as things were equal
o the Supreme Court stated that the inferiority of black people is not due to a fallacy of the institution, rather
because “the coloured race chooses to put that construction upon it”
- by 1920, interracial violence and hostility were still commonplace
- by the 1930s, nearly 3 million school-aged black children (81% of all) lived in 17 states
1.a.ii. Ku Klux Klan
- white supremacist political organisation that began as a club in Tennessee in 1866
- youngish, middle-class, white men, wearing white clothing and colonial hats
- intimidation, beatings, mutilation and lynching
1
the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing a
person exercising the right to vote
3
STANDARD LEVEL
INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
FOR EXAM SESSION:
2023 MAY
, Table of Contents
Right and Protests .................................................................................................................................................3
Civil rights movement in the United States .......................................................................................................3
1. Background ...............................................................................................................................................3
2. Brown v. the Board of Education, 1954 ....................................................................................................4
3. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-6..................................................................................................5
4. Little Rock, 1957 .......................................................................................................................................6
5. Civil rights protests in the 1960s ................................................................................................................7
6. Ole Miss, 1962 ........................................................................................................................................10
7. Groups of the Civil Rights Movement .....................................................................................................10
8. Civil rights legislation ...............................................................................................................................11
Apartheid in South Africa ...............................................................................................................................13
1. UN Human Rights ..................................................................................................................................13
2. Historical background of South Africa ....................................................................................................13
3. The introduction of apartheid .................................................................................................................14
4. Opposition to Apartheid .........................................................................................................................17
5. The Rivonia Trial ....................................................................................................................................20
6. The Soweto Uprising (context) ................................................................................................................21
7. Significance of key individuals .................................................................................................................21
8. Significance of key groups .......................................................................................................................22
Causes and effects of 20th century wars ................................................................................................................24
The Falklands War .........................................................................................................................................24
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................24
2. Causes of War.........................................................................................................................................24
3. Practices and nature of the war and their impact on the outcome ...........................................................25
4. Closure ....................................................................................................................................................28
5. Effects of War .........................................................................................................................................28
The Spanish Civil War ...................................................................................................................................29
1. Causes of war ..........................................................................................................................................29
2. Practices of war and their impact on the outcome ...................................................................................32
3. Effects and results....................................................................................................................................34
The Chinese Civil War ...................................................................................................................................36
1. Causes of war ..........................................................................................................................................36
2. Practices of war .......................................................................................................................................38
3. Effects of war ...........................................................................................................................................41
1
, 4. Overview of the Chinese and Spanish Civil Wars ...................................................................................42
The Second World War.................................................................................................................................44
1. Causes .....................................................................................................................................................44
2. Practices ..................................................................................................................................................50
3. Effects and results of war .........................................................................................................................59
20th century authoritarian states............................................................................................................................64
Hitler’s Nazi Germany ....................................................................................................................................64
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................64
2. Emergence ..............................................................................................................................................64
3. Consolidation and maintenance of power ...............................................................................................70
4. Aims and results of policies .....................................................................................................................73
Castro’s Cuba ..................................................................................................................................................80
1. Emergence ..............................................................................................................................................80
2. Consolidation of power ...........................................................................................................................87
3. Maintenance of power .............................................................................................................................91
4. The Cold War ........................................................................................................................................93
5. Policies ....................................................................................................................................................94
2
, Right and Protests
Civil rights movement in the United States
1954 – 1965
1. Background
1.a. US Civil War (1864-65) and inequalities
th
- in 1865, President Abraham Lincoln signs the 13 amendment of the US Constitution, which officially ended slavery in
the USA
- however, new reforms of social discrimination emerged, which limited black people’s ability to vote
1.a.i. Jim Crow laws
- introduced in Southern States which made segregation the norm and ensured white supremacy
- "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African-American
- prohibited African Americans using public facilities like restaurants, cinemas, hotels, etc.
1
- disenfranchisement
o the Mississippi “Pig Law” of 1876, for example, broadened the definition of grand larceny from a theft of
anything valued at more than $25 to a value of $10
o black Americans’ right to vote would be systematically denied through the use of poll taxes, property tests,
intimidation and literacy tests
o grandfather clause – you could only vote if your grandfather was able to vote as well
- access to housing, education, and jobs were limited
- “separate but equal”
o in 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled, during the Plessy v. Ferguson case, that black and white people could be
separated as long as things were equal
o the Supreme Court stated that the inferiority of black people is not due to a fallacy of the institution, rather
because “the coloured race chooses to put that construction upon it”
- by 1920, interracial violence and hostility were still commonplace
- by the 1930s, nearly 3 million school-aged black children (81% of all) lived in 17 states
1.a.ii. Ku Klux Klan
- white supremacist political organisation that began as a club in Tennessee in 1866
- youngish, middle-class, white men, wearing white clothing and colonial hats
- intimidation, beatings, mutilation and lynching
1
the restriction of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or a practice that has the effect of preventing a
person exercising the right to vote
3
