AP Psychology Exam Practice Questions (Answered) 2022 update. Document Content and Description Below

AP Psychology Exam Practice Questions (Answered) 2022 update. Document Content and Description Below AP Psychology Exam Practice Questions (Answered) 2022 update. Learning that certain events occur together is called... - associative learning conditioning is the process of... - lear ning associations By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates... - classical conditioning Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates... - operant conditioning As you enter the kitchen after school you an smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by... - classical conditioning The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is... - Ian Pavlov A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a... - conditioned response Sweating in hot weather is an example of an... - unconditioned response In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a Conditioned Response was... - sight of the food in the bowl In classical conditioning, the _____ signals the impending occurrence of the ______ - Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus For the most rapid acquisition of a conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus should be presented... - shortly before the unconditioned stimulus After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ______ occurred. - extinction Spontaneous recovery refers to the... - reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a while uniforms, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates... - generalization Dr. Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. Dr. Kingston's emphasis best illustrates... - a biopsychosocial approach An automatic response to some stimulus is called... - respondent behavior In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? - operant conditioning The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was... - B.F. Skinner The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called... - shaping On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a fully half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quiet for extended periods through... - shaping In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the _____. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be an ______. - discriminitive stimulus; operant behavior Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a.... - positive reinforcer Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a _____ for crying. - positive reinforcer Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a... - negative reinforcer Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ______ reinforcer. - negative Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _____ is to ______. - Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer? - Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned. Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of... - immediate reinforcement On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a _____ schedule. - variable-interval Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. - variable-interval Negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding; punishments _____ the rate of operant responding. - increase; decreases Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because... - the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a... - negative punishment Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called... - cognitive maps Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning? - Insight learning Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine... - intrinsic motivation It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of _____ in learning. - biological predispositions B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's... - personal freedom Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting form increasingly longer distances from the hoop. this learning stratgy best illustrates the process of... - shaping A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to ____ as a learned association between two stimuli is to ____ - operant conditioning; classical conditioning The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of.... - modeling Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of... - observational learning Children are helped by ______ to develop a theory of mind. - mirror neurons Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to.... - modeling Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? - Whether we see the people as similar to us Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to... - preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness Most researchers who have experimented the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that... - viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies. This is most likely to lead her to... - experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called... - sensation The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called... - perception In one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the street. This illustrated... - inattentional blindness Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower _____ for skunk odor than his parents have. - absolute threshold A subliminal message is one that is presented.... - below one's absolute threshold for awareness Diminished sensitively to an unchanging stimulus is known as... - sensory adaptation The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called... - transduction The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the... - iris Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? - rods and cones Bipolar cells are located in the.... - retina Compared with rods, cones are... - less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail Researchers found that if they temporarily disrupted one region of the visual cortex with magnetic pulses, people were unable to recognize faces but could still recognize houses. This suggests that... - two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their... - visual cortex According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to... - green light are inhibited by exposure to red light. The pitch of a sound is determined by what? - The frequency of the sound wave The retina is to the eye as the _____ is to the ear - cochlea The cochlea is a.... - fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds? - frequency theory Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause... - conduction hearing loss Deaf culture advocates are most likely to object to the cause of cochlear implants for... - children who have been deaf from birth The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to... - the vestibular sense While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? - kinesthesis On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a sever toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by... - the gate-control theory. When given a placebo that is said to reli