SLHS 1150 Final Exam questions and answers |2023

SLHS 1150 Final Exam questions and answers |2023Attention Impairments in TBI -trouble concentrating -internal and external distractions -impaired comprehension -tangential converation Memory Impairments in TBI -anterograde and retrograde amnesia - duration of amnesia depends of severity and outcome Language and Communication Impairments in TBI -cognitive-communicative impairments -aphasia -pragmatics Head Injury trauma that leads to injury of the scalp, skull, and/or brain Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) brain damage due to impact of external forces causes of TBI 1) Falls 2) Unknown (sports accidents) 3) Motor Vehicle accidents 4) Blows to the head 5) Violence 6) Blast Injury Defecits of TBI physical, mental or behavioral changes that depend on the severity and location Treatment for TBI -counseling/teaching family members -orienting, maintain attention & reduce confusion -finding ways to improve memory -community outings/ vocal rehabilitation Noise Level Effect -75-84 dB: minor hearing loss - 85 dB: perm hearing loss in 8% of workers - 90 dB: perm hearing loss in 25% of workers -125 dB: pain/discomfort -160 dB: ruptured eardrum signs of a stroke 1) Face drooping 2) Arm Weakness 3) Speech Difficulty Vascular Dementia decline in memory and cognitive function that occurs when blood supply is interrupted by blocked or diseased vascular system Cultural Competence knowledge, skills and attitude to work effectively with people of diverse cultures "The Monster Study" A stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in which half of the children involved recieved negative attention for their speech -their stuttering behaviors increased -had adverse psychological effects assessment for phonological disorders 1) oral mechanism screening (checks structure/movement) 2) spontaneous speech sample 3) formal test of articulation (evaluate all sounds of native language) 4) informal test (stimulability : extent to whick a child can produce a new sound with help) Etiology of Stuttering UNKNOWN has both predisposing factors ( gender and genetics) and precipitating factors (age and stress) Different Roles of voice -carries words -reflects personality -reveals physical state -delivers and adds meaning to message Frontotemporal Dementia cause= cortical atrophy -extreme change in behavior and personality -causes all language modalities Early Stage of Dementia word finding difficulties -forgetfulness of routine -vocabulary is reduced Middle Stage of Dementia -reduced memory for recent events -disorientation - huge anomia -comprehension and pragmatics are not okay Late Stage of Dementia -limited meaningful communication -mutism -dysphagia -may be immobile Stuttering Modification an approach to stuttering treatment in which stuttering does not fully go away but it is more fluent than before Fluency Shaping an approach to stuttering treatment in which the patient is taught to speak without stuttering through easy voice onsets, light articulatory contacts, and slow, stretched speech Language disorder an impairment in the comprehension and/or expression of the symbol system -involves either all, some or one of the language domains Primary Disorder if the language disorder IS the main problem and not a result of any other disorder Secondary Disorder if the language disorder is a symptom of another disorder Phonological Disorder when a patient does not know that he/she needs to make a sound or group of sounds, or that leaving out the group of sounds can change the meaning of a word Vocal Abuse chronic overuse/ misuse of vocal apparatus -talking too loud/ shouting for long periods of time -coughing/ clearing throat frequently -using caffeine products -smoking Features of Phonation Frequency, Intensity, & Quality Vocal Nodules small, bilateral growths on a persons vocal folds after repeated vocal abuse Ischemic Stroke stroke that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is inhibited because of blockage in an artery Hemorrhagic Stroke stroke that occurs when a blood vessel/artery erupts and excessive amounts of blood enters the brain Parallel Impairment form of a bilingual aphasia in which both languages show similar strengths and weaknesses Differential Impairment form of bilingual aphasia in which one language shows more impairment than the other Selective Aphasia form of bilingual aphasia in which only one language has an impairment and the other does not Alzheimers Disease caused by a either a loss of brain cells or plaques & tangles in the brain -- often leads to aphasia and dementia Pharyngeal Stage of Swallowing stage in which the bolus is propelled downward through the throat towards the entrance to the esophagus when the pharyngeal muscles squeeze Concussion a trauma-induced alteration in mental status resulting from jostling of the brain in the skull the is the most common TBI Concussion Assessment -loss of consciousness? -duration? -post-traumatic amnesia? -persisting symptoms- headache, dizziness, reduced concentration Stages of speech and Language Development 1) Birth Cry 2) Cry 3) Cooing 4) Babbling 5) First words Intellectual Disability impaired to act independently and responsibly as developing peers -70 IQ or below -defecits in adoptive behavior -the higher the severity the lower the lang. ability Penetration (during pharyngeal stage) when food or liquid enters the larynx and causes choking or respiratory distress Aspiration (during pharyngeal stage) when food/liquid passes through the larynx into the lungs this can lead to asphixiation, pneumonia, pulmonary infection or death Fluency flow of speech production -rate -rhythm -smoothness -effort -automaticity Anomia word finding problems that can lead to telegraphic speech, effortful articulation, made up words, and paraphasias Dysphagia Evalutation 1) bedside Swallow -oral examination and feeding trials 2) Instrumental examinations -pictures or video of swallowing through x-ray Vocal Hygiene -hydration -optimal pitch -vocal rest as necessary -avoid vocal abuse behaviors Screening a quick check of an individuals performance in a particular area that determines whether or not the patient must be referred for a more in-depth assessment ear protection ear plugs ear muffs musician plugs Esophageal Phase of Swallowing phase of swallowing in which the bolus is moved through the esophagus and into the stomach (SLP's do not focus on this stage) Gender Difference in Voice -women: have smaller vocal folds and higher pitch (VF vibrations 220 Hz) -men: have larger vocal folds and a lower pitch (VF vibrations 120 Hz) Symptoms of Voice problem vocal fatigue, breathy voice, reduced range, pitch breaks, hoarse voice, tremor Assessment a systematic process of gathering information that identifies skill levels Norm-referenced test type of assessment that compares individuals performance against a sample of same age group/peers Criterion Referenced test type of assesment that assesses a skill in a particular area and is judged based on an established standard Stuttering a fluency disorder -core features: whole and part word repetitions, sound prolongations and blocks -secondary features: physical habits/ twitches, fear and shame of speaking and frustration Dysphagia a disorder of swallowing Stages/ Phases of Swallowing 1) Oral Prepatory phase 2) oral transitory phase 3) Pharyngeal Phase 4) Esophageal phase Evidence Based Practice process by which scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and client perspectives are integrated to make the best treatment plan possible Environmental print/ Logarithmic reading sings, symbols, numbers found in a child's environment in which children are able to "read" because they remember the context and not the letters researchers deny that this is a reading task Sequence of Assessment and intervention 1) screening and referral 2) designing and administrating assessment 3) interpretive findings 4) developing a plan of intervention 5) monitoring progress over time Intervention a plan of action to improve one or more aspects of an individuals communication Broca's Aphasia (left frontal lobe) an aphasia that leads to telegraphic speech, effortful articulation, but has good comprehension Wernicke's Aphasia (Left temporal lobe) an aphasia that leads to nonsense words but fluent articulation, they cannot comprehend what others say to them or what they themselves are saying Voice Disorder abnormal production or absence of vocal quality, pitch, and loudness given an individuals age, gender, cultural background or race Vascular System system that carries blood and oxygen and nourishes the brain (consists of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics) Open Head Injury head injury in which the skull and meninges were penetrated but the brain injury is mainly located to one area (ex: phineas gage) Closed Head Injury head injury in which the skull and meninges remain in tact but the brain is jostled, this leads to the injury being diffused across the brain Autism Spectrum Disorder a severe developmental disability that leads to a lack of social interaction, poor communication skills and stereotypical behavior Aspergers syndrome, Child Disintegration Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder all fall under this category Acoustic Trauma trauma caused from a single exposure to a transient, high-intensity sound or generically through the effects of excessive acoustic exposure results in sensorineural hearing loss Noise-Induced Hearing Loss a hearing threshold shift caused by excessive sound 1) temporary threshold shift: ringing in ears, head feels full, hearing returns in 16-48 hours 2) permanent threshold shift: can happen from single exposure of gradually (due to hair cell exhaustion or damage to hair cells themselves) Factors of a noise-induced hearing loss Intensity, Frequency, and Duration