NES Secondary Professional Knowledge Exam (EDITED) Already Passed

NES Secondary Professional Knowledge Exam (EDITED) Already Passed Theory: What is Erikson's theory? Psychosocial Theory of Development - Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are resolved through interaction with others Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12) Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19) Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory? Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices. Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second chances" Theory: What is Piaget's theory? Theory of Cognitive Development - Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? -Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts -Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and reasoning Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory? Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized presentation, use familiar examples Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? Social Development Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in which they live Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? Work within students' ZPD Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory? -Scaffolding -accessibility to tools that support thinking -build on cultural funds of knowledge -utilize dialogue and learning groups Vocabulary: Scaffolding providing sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to students. Might include: -resources -a compelling task -templates and guides -guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills Vocabulary: ZPD The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help Theory: What is Kohlberg's Theory? Stages of Moral Development - Moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor Theory: What does Kohlberg's Theory suggest about secondary students? Secondary students will fall somewhere in these levels: -Interpersonal accord and conformity -Authority and social-order maintaining orientation -Social contract orientation Theory: