HDFS 239 quiz 1 2023 with verified questions and answers

adolescence the second decade of life; a period of transitions (biological, social, economic) approximately 10-early 21 framework for studying adolescent development 1- fundamental changes of adolescence (3) 2- contexts of adolescence 3- psychosocial developments of adolescence fundamental changes 1- onset of puberty 2-emergence of more advanced thinking abilities 3- transition into new roles in society Brofenbrenner's ecological perspective cannot understand development without examining the settings or context in which it occurs; individuals nested in levels micro-systems immediate settings in which adolescents develop ex. family or peer group meso-systems layer of the environment formed by two or more immediate settings ex. home-school linkage (interaction) exo-system layer that does not directly contain the developing person but that affects the setting in which the person lives ex. parent work environment macro system the outermost layer of the environment, containing forces such as history and culture psychosocial aspects in development that are both psychological and social in nature, such as developing a sense of identity or sexuality achievement behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations theory a plausible, guiding principle or model used to help organize observed data, a framework for describing a phenomenon- a good theory ought to describe observable behavior about future behaviors biosocial theorists -development is an inevitable outcome of the physical changes of puberty -Hall says its a period of "storm and stress" organismic theorists development is a product of an interaction between biology and the environment -freud, erikson, and piaget learning theorists -skinner and bandura -development is a result of exposure to forces that reinforce, punish, or model particular behaviors sociological theorists -focus on how adolescents as a group are treated by society adolescents are the most ______ groups in society stereotyped fundamental changes (biological) urge and ability to reproduce menarche the time of the first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty endocrine system the system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones hormones highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands; chemical messages central nervous system puberty starts in your brain glands organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones; begins before physical changes are apparent; pulses at intervals ~2 hours set point a physiological level or setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system feedback loop a cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads pituitary gland one of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body; increases ACTH hypothalamus a part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland gonads the glands that secrete sex hormones estrogens a class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty HGP (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis the neurophysiological pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads adrenarche the maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence leptin a protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty organized role of hormones the process through which early exposure to hormones, especially prenatally, organizes the brain or other organs in anticipation of later changes in behavior or patterns of growth activational role of hormones the process through which changes in hormone levels, especially at puberty, stimulate changes in the adolescents behavior, appearance, or growth 3 main physical manifestations of puberty 1- a rapid acceleration in growth 2- the development of primary sex characteristics 3- the development of secondary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics the manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in voice phermones a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species secular trend the tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition the age at which puberty occurs has _____ over time declined delayed phrase preference a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty boys early maturation -popularity, higher self-esteem, and more self-confidence -higher rates of problem behaviors girls early maturation higher rates of problem behavior, psychological distress, and emotional difficulties leading cause of mortality among adolescents around the world is _______ ______ unintentional accidents 3 major biological changes 1- acceleration in growth 2- primary sex characteristics 3- secondary sex charcteristics what triggers puberty -internal clock (genes) -presence of mature sexual partners -nutritional resources -physically mature and healthy enough to being reproducing -leptin estradiol an estrogen testosterone an androgen basal metabolism rate the minimal amount of energy one uses when resting