Study Guide for Midterm Exam NUR 631

This study guide provides a content outline that can be used to prepare for the topic quiz. This outline may not be inclusive of all quiz content. Cellular biology and Alterations • Compensatory hyperplasia after partial resections (mod 1) (51-53) o Ex: liver, hepatocyte growth o Adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate o Even with removal of 70% of the liver, it will regenerate within about 2 weeks o Compensatory hyperplasia occurs in epidermal, intestinal epithelia, hepatocytes, bone marrow and fibroblasts. Some type off hyperplasia is noted in bone, cartilage and smooth muscles – Example- callus, wound healing as part of inflammation process • Tumor progress from benign to malignant (364-366) o Benign tumors are usually encapsulated and well differentiated. They retain some normal tissue structure and do not invade the capsules surrounding them or spread to regional lymph nodes or distant locations. ▪ Generally named according to the tissues from which they arise, and include the suffix –oma. o Some benign tumors can progress to cancer and are then referred to as malignant. They have more rapid growth rates and specific microscopic alterations, including loss of differentiation and absence of normal tissue organization. ▪ One hallmark is anaplasia – loss of cellular differentiation, irregularities of the size and shape of the nucleus, and the loss of normal tissue structure. ▪ May present with different degrees of encapsulation; some lack a capsule, and even if one is apparent, it’s integrity has been compromised so that tumor cells can grow to invade nearby blood vessels, lymph and surrounding structures. ▪ Most deadly characteristic is their ability to spread far beyond the tissue of origin – metastasis