OBSTETRIC (with correct answers 100%)

Acrocyanosis. correct answers Cyanosis of the hands and feet of the baby, common after birth, and due to peripheral vasoconstriction. Active management of labour. correct answers The concept of active management of labour was first implemented by O'Driscoll and colleagues at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin in 1968. It is designed to ensure labour progression and intervene to decrease labour dystocia, particularly in the first stage. Its main components are: patient education, strict labour diagnosis, early amniotomy, regular assessment of progress, prompt administration of oxytocin, one-to-one reassurance and support, pain relief and hydration. Afterpains (after-birth pains). correct answers Uterine contractions due to release of oxytocin from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, especially during suckling; more intense in multiparas. They promote involution of the uterus. Amniocentesis. correct answers Aspiration of a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother's abdomen for diagnosis of fetal maturity and/or disease by assay of the constituents of the fluid; when performed in the second trimester for genetic counselling (usually at 16-18 weeks) the fetal loss rate is 0.5%. Amnion. correct answers A smooth membrane enclosing the fetus and amniotic fluid; it is loosely fused with the outer chorionic membrane Amnioscope. correct answers A lighted tubular instrument which is introduced through the internal os in late pregnancy and in labour; it enables an inspection of the colour and amount of amniotic fluid through the intact membranes, and also facilitates fetal blood sampling if the membranes are ruptured Amniotic fluid. correct answers Fluid surrounding and protecting the fetus within the amniotic sac. After 20weeks gestation, the main source of amniotic fluid is the fetal kidneys (urine) and cleared by fetal swallowing. Any disruptions to these mechanisms will result in major changes of liquor volume. It is measured by cord-free Deepest Vertical Pool (DVP) or Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI). Oligohydramnias. correct answers Term used when there is virtually no liquor. Some of the causes of oligohydramnios are idiopathic, ruptured membranes, renal agenesis, polycystic kidneys, FGR and post-term fetus. Polyhydramnias. correct answers Term used to describe excessive liquor volume. Causes of polyhydramnios include maternal diabetis mellitus, idiopathic, multiple pregnancy, fetal GIT atresias and macrosomia.