PATHOPHYSI NR283 |Patho exam 3 Questions and Answers 2023& study guide with complete solution

Patho exam 3 •Renal failure results when the kidneys cannot remove the body’s metabolic wastes (urea) or perform their regulatory functions. The wastes accumulate in the body fluids, leading to a disruption in endocrine and metabolic functions as well as fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base disturbances. Renal failure is a systemic disease and is a final common pathway of many different kidney and urinary tract disease. * Unhealthy or injured kidney. 1. Causes the electrolytes to become imbalanced, affecting particular sodium, calcium and potassium. 2. It will affect acid base balance by retaining too much bicarbonate or hydrogen ions. * Injury to the glomerulus -Protein will be found in the urine when there's injury to glomerulus. Diabetics should have microalbuminuria lab test done annually to monitor for kidney disease. May lead to anemia. With impaired renal function, there may be changes in BP, fluid balance causing edema and decreased urine output. *Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones account for 70% to 80% of stones. *Struvite stones account for about 15% and are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. *Uric acid stones account for about 7% of stones. *Spinal cord injury contributes to uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle associated with a neurological disorder. This can also be from Guillain-Barré or transverse myelitis. *Pyelonephritis indicates inflammation that involves of the upper tracts *Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli and is often caused by a streptococcal infection. It usually occurs 7 to 10 days after the infection. *Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by excretion of 3.5 grams or more of protein in the urine per day due to glomerular injury. *Nephritic syndrome is characterized by blood in the urine with red and white cell casts and varying degrees of protein. *Acute renal failure presents with oliguria and a reduction in GFR and BUN. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis usually affects adults in their 50s and 60s and presents with hematuria. *factors that determine severity for obstructive uropathy are locations of blockage, the degree of completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion. *factors that is required before a stone is formed are: 1. Supersaturation of one of the salts 2. Precipitation from a liquid to a solid 3. Aggregation 4. Presence or absence of Tamm-Horsfall protein *causes of obstructed urine flow: 1. Prostate enlargement