NUR 2063 Exam 2 Blueprint

NUR 2063 Exam 2 Blueprint • Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing o Causes Nero disease: Parkinson’s, dementias, muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s, ALS, MN, Guillain Barre Syndrome. Other: Congenital issues/cerebral palsy, Esophageal stenosis, esophageal diverticula, tumors, stroke, achalasia • Vomiting – why and consequences Why: protect against substance, reverse peristalsis, increase intracranial pressure, severe pain. Consequences: lead to fluid, electrolyte, pH imbalance, aspiration o Emesis types and why the emesis would be a problem Hematemesis: blood in vomit (protein), Yellow/green: presence of bile. Deep brown: fecal matter. Undigested food o Treatment of vomiting disorders Antiemetic med., fluid replacement, correct electrolyte imbalance, restore acid-base • Esophageal disorders o Hiatal hernia Stomach section protrudes through diaphragm  Causes: Weakening of diaphragm muscle, trauma, congenital defects.  Manifestation: Indigestion; heartburn; frequent belching; nausea; chest pain; strictures; dysphagia; and soft abdominal mass  diagnosis: H & P; barium swallow; upper GI Xrays; EGD ,  treatment: eat small meals, sleep elevated, antacid o GERD  Causes: Certain foods: chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, peppermint  Alcohol consumption; nicotine  Hiatal hernia  Obesity; pregnancy  Certain medications – such as corticosteroids; beta blockers; calcium-channel blockers; anticholinergics  NG intubation  Delayed gastric emptying  Manifestations: Heartburn, Epigastric pain, Dysphagia, Dry cough, Laryngitis Pharyngitis, Food regurgitation, Sensation of lump in throat  Diagnosis: H & P; barium swallow; EGD; esophageal pH monitoring  Treatments: Avoid triggers; avoid restrictive clothing  Eat small frequent meals; high Fowler’s positioning, Weight loss; stress reduction; Antacids; acid reducing agent; mucosal barrier agents, Herbal therapies (licorice, chamomile), Surgery  Complications: Esophagitis; strictures; ulcerations; esophageal cancer; chronic pulmonary disease o Gastritis/gastroenteritis  Acute: Can be mild, transient irritation or can be severe ulceration with hemorrhage  Usually develops suddenly  Likely to also have nausea & epigastric pain  Chronic: Develops gradually