NR 509 Final exam

1. Know that in a 47-year-old man ED is usually rather than testosterone: psychologic 2. Erectile dysfunction may be from psychogenic causes, especially if: early morning erection is preserved. it may also reflect decreased testosterone, decreased blood flow in the hypogastric arterial system, impaired neural innervation, and diabetes 3. When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses should do when the arm: may be fixed to skin or underlying tissues (may cause dimpling of skin or retraction when arms are lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips) 4. Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility: very mobile/mobile 5. Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during - : BSE 6. Breast stage 1: preadolescent- elevation of nipple only 7. Breast stage 2: breast bud stage- elevation of breast and nipple as a small mound; enlargement of areolar diameter 8. breast stage 3: further enlargement of elevation of breast and areola, with no separation of their contours 9. breast stage 4: projection of areola and nipple to form a secondary mound above the level of breast 10. breast stage 5: mature stage- projection of nipple only; areola has receded to general contour of the breast (although in some individuals the areola continues to form a secondary mound) 11. Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute: epigastric, may radiation straight to the back of other areas of the abdomen; 20% with severe sequelae of organ failure 12. Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic: epigastric, radiating to back 13. Know how hepatitis A is transmitted: Transmitted through fecal-oral route. Fecal shedding followed by poor handwashing contaminates water and foods leading to infection of household and sexual contacts 14. Stress incontinence: the urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient increases in intra-abdominal pressure raise the bladder pressure to levels that exceed urethral resistance. Causes include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal atrophy of the mucosa, and urethral infection. May follow prostate surgery in men. NR 509 Final exam 2022/2023 2 / 11 15. urge incontinence: detrusor contractions are stronger than normal and overcome the normal urethral resistance. The bladder is typically small. Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition of detrusor contractions from stroke, brain tumor, dementia, and lesions of the spinal cord above sacral level. Also hyperexcitability of sensory pathways ie: bladder infections, tumors, and fecal impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary voiding at low bladder volumes. 16. overflow incontinence: detrusor contractions are insufficient to overcome urethral resistance, causing urinary retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and large, even after an effort to void. Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie: BPH or tumor. Weakness of the detrusor muscle associated with peripheral nerve disease at S2-4 level. Impaired bladder sensation that interrupts the reflex arc ie: diabetic neuropathy. 17. functional incontinence: the patient is functionally able to reach the toilet in time because of impaired health or environmental conditions. Mechanism: problems in mobility resulting from weakness, arthritis, poor vision, or other conditions. Also environmental factors such as an unfamiliar setting, distant bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints. 18. Incontinence secondary to medications: drugs may contribute to any type of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives, tranquilizers, anticholinergics, sympathetic blockers, and potent diuretics