Bio 151 Exam 3 - UW-Madison Question with answers (VERIFIED)

Bio 151 Exam 3 - UW-Madison Question with answers (VERIFIED)Nervous system a network of interconnected nerve cells Neurons basic functional units of the nervous system Homeostasis the ability of animals, organs, and cells to actively regulate and maintain a stable internal state What are the three types of nerve cells? sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons Sensory neurons send and receive information about an animal's environment or it internal physiological state Interneurons process the information received by sensory neurons and transmit it to different regions of the body and the corresponding motor neurons Motor neurons produce suitable responses Ganglia groups of nerve cell bodies that process sensory information from a nearby region, and then signal motor neurons Nerve cords and nerves bundles of the long fiberlike extensions from multiple nerve cells Cephalization concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body Glial cells cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons Membrane potential the charge difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron AD Resting potential -70 mV Depolarization the increase in membrane potential Threshold potential -50 mV Refractory period the period during which the inner membrane voltage falls below and then returns to the resting potential Myelin Sheath insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined. Saltatory propagation the movement of an action potential along a myelinated axon, "jumping" from node to node Temporal summation Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time. Spatial summation The sum of multiple synapses firing at different locations at one time to create a net effect. Afferent neurons Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system Efferent neurons Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system Somatic nervous system voluntary Autonomic nervous system involuntary Sympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations Parasympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy Reciprocal inhibition The simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place Chemoreceptors respond to molecules that bind to specific protein receptors Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch Photoreceptors respond to light Lateral inhibition enhances the strength of a sensory signal locally but diminishes it peripherally Hair cells receptor cells for hearing Stereocillia these make up the individual 'hairs' of the hair cell Statocyst The organ of balance in most invertebrates Statolith a dense particle that moves freely within a statocyst, enabling it to sense gravity Vestibular system three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve Semicircular canals three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement Sweet, bitter, and savory G-protein coupled Salty Na+ depolarize the cell, opening the voltage-gated Ca+ channels