Bio 151 exam 1 with correct answers 2023

Bio 151 exam 1 with correct answers 2023functions of carbohydrates contain energy (chemical bonds) transport energy store energy can be structural structure of carbohydrates ... disaccharides carbs formed by adding two monosaccharides together by a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis). reversal is hyrdolysis important disaccharies sucrose (glucose + fructose; primary transport sugar in plants) maltose (2x glucose; product of starch hydrolysis) lactose (glucose + galactose) glycogen important polysaccharide glucose based long-term, quickly available energy energy storage for animals irregular branching pattern starch important polysaccharide energy for plants regular branching pattern cellulose important polysaccharide polymer of beta-glucose used in plant cell and bacteria cell walls chitin important polysaccharide used in insect exoskeletons definition of lipids a class of compounds defined by properties, not composition are fats and "fat-like" substances hydrophobic typically just carbon and hydrogen (can have small amounts of oxygen) primary types of lipids fats and oil sterols fats and oils super high density, long-term energy storage interaction with water defines boundaries in cells (builds membranes) sterols act as biological signals in cells stiffen membranes maintains fluidity (prevents fatty acids from crystallizing) fatty acids long carbon/hydrogen chains made from two-carbon units so are often made of 16 or 18 carbons fat a large molecule constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids glycerol an alcohol each of its 3 carbons bears a hydroxl group triglycerides the resulting fat that consists of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule phospholipid 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group + something else on a glucose molecule no O or N to make it polar hydrophobic on one end and hydrophilic on the other aquaporin a protein that allows water to pass through a membrane structure of a protein a polymer of amino acid monomers (amino acids hooked in a chain) a carbon with an amino group on the right, a carboxyl group on the left, a hydrogen on the bottom, and a variable group ('R') on the top definition of proteins chemically defined amino acids linked together by peptide bonds bonds form by removal of water properties of proteins depend on which amino acids are used and in what order amino acids can be polar or nonpolar positively or negatively charged many exist, but only 20 are used in proteins micelle ... how to "read" proteins "read" from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus