Enlightenment terms questions and answers already passed

Enlightenment terms questions and answers already passed Thomas Hobbes Philosopher who argued that man was sinful and needed to be controlled; Leviathan Nicholaus Copernicus Polish astronomer from who developed the theory that the Earth revolved around the sun Johannes Kepler A German astronomer from who formulated three laws of how the planets revolve around the sun; Brahe's assistant Galileo Italian astronomer from who was the first to use a telescope as well as prove that objects with different masses fall at the same velocity Rene Descartes French philosopher from who discovered the use of coordinates and developed a dualistic theory of mind and matter Francis Bacon English philosopher from who stressed inductive reasoning and observation in his essays Scientific Method The process used to answer a question by proposing a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, and concluding results Isaac Newton English scientist who provided the Three Laws of Motion that inform about gravity, and also developed calculus; Royal Academy. Scientific Revolution Time period in Europe from in which many advances in technology and science were made Enlightenment The time period in the 18th century in Europe in which there was a critical approach to knowledge was underway Philosophes A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society Francois Voltaire French philosopher from 1694-177 who preached freedom of speech and was exiled for his actions; Candide Denis Diderot French philosopher from 1713-84 who composed a 28 volume encyclopedia that included and spread many Enlightenment ideas Baron de Montesquieu French philosopher from who proposed the division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches Jean Jacques Rousseau French philosopher from who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society Mary Wollstonecraft English author from 1759-97 who was one of the first feminists for women's rights and denounced men for excluding them from Enlightenment ideas. Frankenstein Social Contract Publication by Rousseau in which he stated his beliefs that society puts limitations on people and that government should be elected by the people and interfere minimally Adam Smith Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and proposed a free market Deism A belief in God only based on factual evidence and the nature of reason Salon A place where different thinkers and philosophers gathered to share and discuss ideas Enlightened Despot Absolute ruler who used their power to bring about political and social change William Harvey English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood Geocentric Theory Everything revolves around the earth; studied by the Church Heliocentric Theory The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun; started by Copernicus Tycho Brahe Carefully recorded accurate movements of the planets over a course of 20 years; influenced by Copernicus Recant To admit that you're wrong and take it back John Locke Believed people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and that people could learn from their mistakes; all people were born with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property; the job of the government was to protect those rights, and if they didn't then the people had the right to over throw them Natural Rights The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property; started by John Locke Social Contract People gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order—duty to elect a government that represents you; duty to remove a government that is ineffective Laissez faire "Let it be";"hands off" approach governments should not in any way interfere with business, a free marketplace provides an "invisible hand" to steer the economy Neoclassical Simple and elegant style; Grecian Rococo overly decorative, overly ornate, and elegant Baroque Very heavy, grand, ornate style (older than rococo) Declaration of Independence Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by John Locke and other enlightenment thinkers; purpose was to formally announce the colonies' break with England Ben Franklin Enlightenment ideas influenced him; used to justify independence Johann Sebastian Bach German baroque organist and composer Pacifism the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable Classicism The principles or styles characteristic of the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome Romanticism a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and emotion rather than reason Metaphysics the principles of philosophy as applied to explain the spiritual and eternal realms alchemist early scientists who tried to transform base metals into precious metals hypothesis theory that attempts to explain a set of facts; needs to be proven by experiments and observations Joseph Priestley English chemist who isolated gases and discovered oxygen Robert Boyle Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose experiments/observations of chemical elements and reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy;discovered Boyle's Law-volume and pressure are inversely proportional to one another at the same temperature Robert Hooke Discovered and coined the term "cells" Antoine Lavoisier French chemist named elements and discovered the law of the conservation of mass