SOP 3004 Reynolds FSU Exam 1 preview. 100% coverage, rated A

SOP 3004 Reynolds FSU Exam 1 preview. 100% coverage, rated A describe how social psychologists use the scientific method - The scientific method: 1.Observation 2.Generate hypotheses about why 3.Develop a testable hypothesis 4.Design a study/experiment independent variables - The variable that is systematically manipulated Involves more than one condition This is the variable that you think will cause differences in behavior dependent variables - The variable that is measured because you think it is affected by ("dependent on") the experimental conditions The effect of the independent variable control - Experiments can take place in a setting(the lab) where the researcher can control many potential third variables Maintaining control while achieving experimental realism is important so that participants take the experiment seriously and don't alter their behavior correlational design - experimental design - Challenges of research in social psych - Controlling confounding third variables Achieving experimental realism Problems with survey methods (like social desirability bias) Not everything is easily tested through an experiment A lot of the existing research has used WEIRD participants•Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic Four Major theoretical perspectives of Social Psych - 1.Sociocultural Theorizes that larger social groups exert a lot of influence on social behavior of an individual 2.Evolutionary Theorizes that humans have deep-rooted physical and psychological dispositions that aid survival and reproduction 3.Social Learning Theorizes that social behavior is driven by prior learning experiences, and shaped through reinforcement and punishment 4.Social Cognitive Social behavior is driven by subjective interpretation and perception of events The person, the situation, and person-situation interactions - The Person: Features & characteristics that individuals bring into social situations The situation: Events or circumstances outside the person Person-Situation: People and situations interact in many ways B(Behavior)=P(person)*S(situation) 5 fundamental motives behind goal-oriented social behavior - 1)To establish social ties 2)To understand ourselves and others 3)To gain & maintain status 4)To defend ourselves and those we value 5)To attract and retain mates Motives - the needs, wants, interests, and desires that cause people's behaviors Goals - Those things you aim for that take planning and work automatic goal pursuit - Well-practiced strategies become automatic and no longer require attention Automaticity can help us achieve our goals efficiently, but can lead to mistakes conscious goal pursuit - Attention = the process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves Exemplars - specific examples of an episode, event, or person Schemas - mental representation that captures the general characteristics of an episode, event, or person Priming accessibility - The process of activating knowledge or goals (making them ready for use) chronic accessibility - the tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind some knowledge is ready all of the time Attitudes - positive or negative evaluations ... can be: Automatic (aka "Implicit") = Gut-level, automatic, unconscious Deliberative (aka "Explicit") =Require thought, effortful, can consciously access and report Emotions - Positive or negative evaluation with: A physiological reaction Complex thoughts Moods - Long-lasting; not directed toward anything in particular Types of situational influences - Other People - mere presence, affordances, norms Rules "Strong" versus "Weak" situations Culture descriptive norms - Defines what is commonly done in a situation Help us make the right choices We tend to look at other people for guidance injunctive norms - Describes what is approved or disapproved in a situation Help us make socially-acceptable choices strong situations vs weak situations - Strong situations: Demand that people behave in a particular way Have obvious descriptive and injunctive norms Weak situations: Offer a relatively wide range of acceptable behavior Lack of descriptive and injunctive norms individualistic culture - members are socialized to think of themselves as individuals and give priority to personal goals (Typical among Western Cultures) collectivistic culture - members are socialized to think of themselves in terms of their relationships and as members of a group; prioritize concern for others Ex:East Asia six different types of person-situation interactions - 1.Different people respond differently to the same situation 2.Situations choose the person 3.People choose their situations 4.Different situations prime different parts of the person 5.Persons change the situation 6.Situations change the person Four core processes of social cognition - 1. Attention The process of consciously focusing on aspects of environment or oneself 2. Interpretation The process of figuring out what things mean 3. Judgement