Organic Chemistry 2023 with complete solution

Organic Chemistry The branch of chemistry which deals with carbon compounds, including those with no relationship to life. Covalent Bond Inter-atomic relationship created by the sharing of at least one pair of electrons. Saturated Hydrocarbon Contain only only carbon-to-carbon single bonds. The most chemically inert of all organic compounds. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Contain carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds. Atomic Structure of Carbon Atomic Number = 6, Protons = 6, Electrons = 6, Atomic Weight = 12.0. Electrons in first energy level = 2; second energy level = 4. Carbon An element that has the capacity to share four electrons in order to achieve a more stable configuration. Bonding: Carbon to Hydrogen or Halogens Shares one electron. Bonding: Carbon to Oxygen or Sulfur Shares up to two electrons. Bonding: Carbon to Nitrogen Shares up to three electrons Halogens Flourine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I). Hydrocarbon Molecule Contains only carbon and hydrogen. Can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic classes. Substituted Hydrocarbon One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms called a Functional Group. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and carbon. Does not contain benzene ring. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contain at least one benzene ring or similar structural features. Benzene Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds. Alkanes (CnH2n+2) Cycloalkanes (CnH2n) Classification: Primary (1°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to one other carbon. They are at the end of a carbon chain and referred to as terminal carbons. Classification: Secondary (2°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to two other carbons. Classification: Tertiary (3°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to three other carbons. Structural Formula Shows the actual bonding of atoms to each other. Condensed Formula Shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order. Molecular Formula States the actual number of each kind of atom found in a molecule. Structural Isomerism Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but different structures. Cis-trans Isomerism The formation of cis-trans isomers is a consequence of the absence of free rotation. Geometric isomers that only differ from each other in the 3-dimensional arrangement of the substituents in space. They have identical bonding and substituents. Alkane Saturated hydrocarbons (containing only carbon-to-carbon single bonds); derivatives of methane. Noted by the suffix "-ane" and sometimes by the prefix "cyclo-" Alkene Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Noted by the suffix "-ene" Alkyne Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Noted by the suffix "-yne" Functional Group An atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way that is primarily responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which it is found. There are a total of 10 of these. Alcohols Organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl group (R-OH). Noted by the the suffix "-ol" mono- Contains one group di- Contains two groups. tri- Contains three groups. tetra- Contains four groups. Thiols Any organic compound having the -SH functional group (R-SH). Also called the sulfhydryl. Noted by the suffix "-thiol" Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group, also referred to as organic acids. Noted by the suffix "-oic acid" Esters Organic compounds formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Noted by the suffix "-oate" "-yl" Nomenclature for the alchohol group in an ester. "-oate" Nomenclature for the acid group in an ester. Aldehydes Hydrocarbon derivatves in which two of the hydrogen atoms, attached to a terminal carbon, have been replaced by a double-bonded oxygen atom (carbonyl group). Noted by the suffix "-al" Ketones Organic compounds containing the carbonyl group attached to two organic radicals. Noted by the suffix "-one" Ethers An organic compound whose molecules have two alkyl groups joined to the same oxygen atom (R-O-R). Noted by the suffix "-oxy" and "-ane" Amines Organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more of its hydrogen atoms by one or more hydrocarbon radicals (R-NH-R). Noted by the prefix "amino-" Amides Organic compounds whose molecules have a carbonyl nitrogen bond. They are the product formed in a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine. The organization that formulated nomenclature rules to name hydrocarbons. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Meth- Prefix - 1 carbon. Eth- Prefix - 2 carbons. Prop- Prefix - 3 carbons. But- Prefix - 4 carbons. Pent- Prefix - 5 carbons. Hex- Prefix - 6 carbons. Hept- Prefix - 7 carbons. Oct- Prefix - 8 carbons Non- Prefix - 9 carbons Dec- Prefix - 10 carbons. Hydrocarbon Combustion The reaction of alkanes, alkenes, or alcohols with excess oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Hydration A reaction involving th addition of water (H2O). Dehydration Removal of water (H2O). Oxidation (OIL) [o] Loss of hydrogen or electron, the gain of oxygen. Reduction (RIG) [R] Loss of oxygen, the gain of hydrogen or an electron.