Geography GCSE Paper1 with complect solution

3.1.1.1 ~natural hazards~ HAZARD RISK The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place. 3.1.1.1 ~natural hazards~ NATURAL HAZARD A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ CONSERVATIVE PLATE MARGIN Tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate is subducted. It can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ EARTHQUAKE A sudden or violent movement within the Earth's crust followed by a series of shocks. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ IMMEDIATE RESPONSES The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ LONG-TERM RESPONSES Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ MONITORING Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ PLATE MARGIN The margin or boundary between two tectonic plates. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ PLANNING Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ PREDICTION Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for volcanic eruptions (and tropical storms), but less reliably for earthquakes. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ PRIMARY EFFECTS The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards PROTECTION Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ SECONDARY EFFECTS The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance fires due to ruptured gas mains resulting from the ground shaking. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ TECTONIC HAZARD A natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes). 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ TECTONIC PLATE A rigid segment of the Earth's crust which can 'float' across the heavier, semimolten rock below. Continental plates are less dense, but thicker than oceanic plates. 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~ VOLCANO An opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ ECONOMIC IMPACT The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Th effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ EXTREME WEATHER This is when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal. This may take place over one day or a period of time. A severe snow blizzard or heat wave are two examples of extreme weather in the UK. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes. In each hemisphere, air also circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere which extends up to 15 km. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ SOCIAL IMPACT The effect of an event on the lives of people or community. 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ TROPICAL STORM (hurricane, cyclone, typhoon) An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm. Winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy. 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~ ADAPTATION Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences.