(Answered)OAE 013 Early Childhood Special Education Exam_2022/23.
OAE 013 Early Childhood Special Education Exam_2022/23. 1. An early childhood special education teacher is reviewing research on child abuse and neglect. The most effective protective factor against child maltreatment has been proven to be: A. a supportive family environment and social networks. B. two married parents or caregivers living together in the home. C. large amounts of one-on-one time spent between the child and his or her family. D. a higher education level of the child's caregivers. -(Correct ANS) : A. a supportive family environment and social networks. -Protective factors are conditions or attributes in individuals, families, communities, or the larger society that, when present, migrate or eliminate risk in families. Research has shown that protective factors are linked to a lower incidence of child abuse and neglect. Many protective factors have been studied, but the one that has been proven most reliable and effective is a supportive family environment and social networks. 2. According to research, a baby's brain continues to develop after birth, primarily because of: A. sensory experiences. B. environmental factors. C. family history. D. physical well-being. -(Correct ANS) : A. sensory experiences. - An infants brain development is heavily dependent on sensory experiences beginning immediately after birth. Touching, holding, comforting, rocking, singing, and talking to a baby all provide stimulation for brain development. 3. A kindergarten teacher observes that during many of the free-play activities, two children with disabilities are often excluded and left to play by themselves. The kindergarten teacher conferences with the special education teacher to discuss ways to help all students interact more inclusively. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for achieving this goal? A. assigning different partners each day with the direction that they participate together in all activities B. videotaping a typical day and then showing it to the class to illustrate their exclusionary practices C. organizing a whole-group activity or game during the beginning of each free-play time D. providing opportunities for small-group activities with a set goal such as finishing a puzzle -(Correct ANS) : C. organizing a whole-group activity or game during the beginning of each free-play time - Organizing a whole-group activity or game during the beginning of each free-play time will allow all of the children to participate, get to know one another better, and be more comfortable with one another. By modeling and encouraging positive social skills, behaviors, and language, the teacher should be gradually be able to release control of fee-play activities to children, once expectations have been established. 4. A preschooler with dyspraxia would likely have the most difficulty with which of the following activities? A. sitting in a circle listening to a book being read B. putting a puzzle together or working with small objects C. retelling a story in front of the class D. drinking from a cup without spilling -(Correct ANS) : B. putting a puzzle together or working with small objects - Dyspraxia is a developmental disorder affecting fine and/or gross-motor coordination. Children diagnosed with dyspraxia have additional problems related to planning, organizing, and carrying out movements in the right order in everyday situations. A preschooler with dyspraxia would likely find putting a puzzle together quite difficult given the fine motor skills and motor planning needed to complete the task. 5. According to current research, which of the following factors has the most positive impact in the social/emotional development of children with disabilities? A. stronger connections between child and school B. increased numbers of inclusive classrooms C. development of self-advocacy skills D. increased resources to enhance teacher support -(Correct ANS) : C. development of self-advocacy skills - Research strongly indicates that when a child with a disability is explicitly taught and encouraged to understand his or her strengths, needs, and legal rights, as well as develop personal goals, the child will gain confidence in his or her abilities. One benefit is that the child is more likely to experience greater success in school and life challenges. Based on the evidence of this research, policies and procedures have been created to assist children and their parents/guardians in identifying post-secondary goals during middle school, rather than high school. This is the purpose of addressing transition planning to post-secondary opportunities in the IEP. 6. Premature infants are at risk for delays across developmental domains. Which of the following interventions is supported by research to have a positive impact on the physical development of premature infants? A. increased oxygen levels in the incubator B. skin-to-skin contact with a caregiver C. classical music played in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) D. being read to by a caregiver -(Correct ANS) : B. skin-to-skin contact with a caregiver. - Studies have shown that one hour each day of skin-to-skin contact with a primary caregiver leads to many benefits. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends skin-to-skin contact for premature infants to reduce infant stress and increase nursing and weight gain for low birth weight infants. A more recent comprehensive study by Harvard School of Public Health concluded that skin-to-skin contact especially the first days of life dramatically decreased the rate of mortality premature infants. 7. Two five-year-old children in a prekindergarten class are reluctant to attempt new tasks, repeatedly telling the teacher they "can't do it" and asking the teacher to "do it for me." Which of the following responses by the teacher would likely be most effective for helping children develop attitudes of greater self confidence and motivation to learn? A. assigning the children extremely simple task and commending them for completion of the tasks B. telling the children that no matter how well they have preformed a task, they should feel proud of the work they have done C. having the children work together on tasks and encouraging them to help one another to be successful D. praising the children's ability when they succeed at a task and fostering effort and persistence at tasks they find challenging -(Correct ANS) : D. praising the children's ability when they succeed at a task and fostering effort and persistence at tasks they find challenging - Children Who demonstrate learned helplessness expect not to be able to control outcomes. They typically attribute their failures to lack of ability and their successes to external factors (e.g., to luck). Researchers have recommended helping such children alter both their ability attributions (e.g., by telling them, "This is a lot like when you did. You can do this.") and their effort attributions (e.g., by telling them, "Keep trying, don't give up."). Research further suggest that encouraging children to focus on learning instead of on showing how well they can preform can be an effective teaching strategy. 8. Two teachers are planning a learning environment for toddlers between one and two years of age. According to the theories of Erik Erickson, for children of this age it would be especially important to create an environment that reinforces the children's: A. ability to pay attention during group activities such as show-and-tell. B. recognition that familiar objects and people still exist when unseen. C. mastery of basic self-care skills such as toileting and feeding. D. desire to establish close relationships, including having a best friend. -(Correct ANS) : C. mastery of basic self-care skills such as toileting and feeding. - According to Ericksons psychosocial theories, toddlers face that developmental task of gaining a greater sense of personal control. For children of this age, learning to successfully accomplish tasks such as using the toilet independently and choosing what to eat helps them develop a sense of security and self-confidence, as opposed to feelings of insecurity and self-doubt 9. Sarah is a three-year-old child who lives with her mother and one younger brother. Sarah's mother is unemployed and without extended family nearby. The family recently moved to a homeless shelter after losing their apartment. There is no predictable schedule for their days or nights. As a result of this situation, Sarah would most likely: A. experience adverse affects on her concentration and memory. B. have a greater chance of developing certain disorders such as asthma. C. experience in increase in her resilience and determination to succeed. D. have a greater understanding of the range of human emotions. -(Correct ANS) : A. experience adverse affects on her concentration and memory. - Extensive research indicates that poverty has a wide range of negative effects on the physical well-being and mental health of children in various contexts at home, in school, and in their communities. Poverty has a particularly adverse affect on the academic outcomes of children, especially during early childhood. Chronic stress associated with living in poverty has been shown to adversely affect children's concentration and memory, which may impact their ability to learn. 10. Which of the following is considered a developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) for preschool children? A. building upon what the child already knows B. using a prepackaged curriculum C. having rules and regulations posted in the classroom D. utilizing a pre-test score to drive instruction -(Correct ANS) : A. building upon what the child already knows - According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Building upon what the child already knows, or scaffolding, is a developmentally appropriate practice. Research indicates that in addition to increasing the child's ability to reach new levels in learning, this method also strengthens the child retention of new information. 11. Alan is a third-grade student with Asperger syndrome. In which of the following areas is Alan more likely to have difficulty than his classmates who do not have Asperger syndrome? A. focusing on a specific topic of interest B. listening to and appreciating music C. understanding pragmatic language D. learning and applying math concepts -(Correct ANS) : C. understanding pragmatic language - Asperger syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder under the category of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It is generally characterized as difficulty with social interactions, restricted ranges of interest, repetitive behaviors, and difficulty with nonverbal communication. While many individuals with Asperger syndrome demonstrate average to a above average vocabulary skills, significant difficulties with processing and using figurative and pragmatic language and conversational speech are often characteristic. 12. A general education teacher and an early childhood special education teacher both co-teach in a kindergarten classroom, and they are planning for an upcoming visit from a children's book author. The author will first briefly discuss her life as a writer and will then read aloud one of her books to the class. She will also provide children with an opportunity to ask questions related to her life and her work. Each child will create a thank you card for the author that includes a short message and an illustration that represents what each child learned from the visit. The teacher considers the needs of a child with a fine motor impairment in planning this task. Which of the following activities related to the authors visit will most likely need to be modified to support the needs of this particular child? A. asking questions associated with the authors work and life B. remaining seated during the authors read aloud C. thinking of a message to include in the card D. drawing an illustration for the card -(Correct ANS) : D. drawing an illustration for the card - a fine-motor impairment affects a child's ability to use small body movements, such as in the hand or wrist. Thus, drawing an illustration would be difficult or a child with fine-motor impairment. 13. An early childhood special education teacher is working on expanding the communication skills of Esther, a six-month-old child who has not begun to coo or babble and rarely attempts to make any verbal sounds. Her pediatrician has found no physical reason for Esther's lack of verbal communication. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for this teacher to try with Esther? A. moving a colorful, noisy toy within Esther's visual range and giving it to her after she makes eye contact B. immersing Esther in sound by playing lively music or recorded stories in the background whenever she is awake C. arranging to have Esther participate in a weekly baby group so she has the opportunity to interact with other infants D. conversing with Esther about what is happening while changing her diapers, dressing, and feeding her -(Correct ANS) : D. conversing with Esther about what is happening while changing her diapers, dressing, and feeding her - Babies will imitate sounds that they hear. Their favorite is the human voice, especially that of the mother or significant caregiver. Conversing with Esther throughout the day would be the best way to encourage her to imitate the sounds 14. Which of the following would be the most effective assessment tool to use when determining a preschooler's letter recognition skills? A. checklist B. observation C. anecdotal record D. rubric -(Correct ANS) : A. checklist - When assessing a preschooler's letter recognition skills, the easiest and most effective assessment tool would be the checklist because it involves answering a yes or no question. Does the child recognize the lower case letter a? Yes or no. An observation or anecdotal record would not be appropriate because interaction with the child is necessary to find out what they know. A rubric is best used when there is more detail to the answer to the question or problem. 15. At the beginning of the school year, a third-grade student scored below the benchmark on the universal screening assessment for reading fluency. Her teacher began collecting weekly progress monitoring data, which is shown in the graph below. After nine weeks, the school support team recommended Tier 2 interventions, which the child has been receiving for the last seven weeks. Next week, the support team will meet again to review the child's progress monitoring data. Which of the following recommendations will the support team most likely make based on the data provided? A. moving the child to Tier 1 B. moving the child to Tier 3 C. continuing Tier 2 interventions D. administering a new fluency assessment -(Correct ANS) : C. continuing Tier 2 interventions - Progress monitoring data indicates that while the performance level is currently below benchmark, the child is making adequate progress in the Tier 2 placement and should continue there until several data points are either above the goal line or her progress stalls. 16. Ms. Malty teaches a class of three- and four-year-olds with global developmental delays. Throughout the year she complies work samples and drawings for each child and keeps them in a portfolio. This type assessment is most appropriate for which of the following purposes? A. to identify children who might benefit from extra help B. to monitor children's development and learning C. to report and communicate with others D. to guide classroom planning and decision making -(Correct ANS) : B. to monitor children's development and learning - Young children at this age often progress gradually in small increments. Consistent progress may not always be observed right away. A child's performance can be compared with what he or she did on the same task a month ago, and the progress shown can be motivating for both the teacher and the child. 17. At the end of the school year, a preschool special education teacher assesses each of her students moving up to kindergarten. She asks questions and asks them to do a series of academic tasks. The kindergarten teacher will use the results of the assessment to gain an understanding of the children's strengths and weaknesses and pass this information on to next year's teacher and the children's parents. This type of testing is limiting in its scope because: A. skills tests by a familiar teacher often get unreliable results B. the techniques used for oral-response tests are not always well developed. C. it is time consuming for the teacher and hard for a five year old to complete D. skills are tested in isolation and may not be indicators of final performance -(Correct ANS) : D. skills are tested in isolation and may not be indicators of final performance - According to current research, children actively construct knowledge and skills that when tested in isolation are not always reliable. For a young child, one assessment of any kind provides only a partial picture of his or her performance. A more developmentally appropriate means of identifying strengths and weaknesses would be a portfolio of the child's work throughout the year to show a learning progression with areas of mastery and need. 18. Elena is a preschooler with a form of spina bifida known as myelomeningocele. Which of the following medical conditions is most closely associated with this condition? A. leukemia B. hydrocephalus C. type 1 diabetes D. hyperactivity -(Correct ANS) : B. hydrocephalus - Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development development of the spinal cord or its coverings. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It occurs when the meningsthe connective tissue layer that cover the brain and spinal cord-push through the hole in the back, and the spinal cord also pushes through. A child born with this type of spina bifida is likely to have hydrocephalus, an accumulation of fluid in and around the brain. 19. Ashton is a five-year-old who has weakened bones associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). He has spent most of his time in the hospital or at home with his parents and older sisters. He recently began attending a general education kindergarten class in a wheelchair with the assistance of a paraprofessional. Ashton's physical condition will most likely affect his academic performance as a result of: A. restricted social interaction B. limited life experiences C. inexperience with classroom routines D. undeveloped attention span -(Correct ANS) : B. limited life experiences - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is a congenital disorder that results in fragile bones that break easily. This condition often limits a child's physical exploration as well as experiences in different locations and environments. Research indicates that early childhood experiences, including varied physical activities and gross-motor development, have a great impact on a child cognitive and literacy development. 20. Five-year-old Silvio, a student with spina bifida, will be attending a general education preschool class in the upcoming year. Silvio uses a power wheelchair, which he propels independently. Which of the following issues would be especially important for Silvio's preschool teacher to be aware of in order to promote Silvio's health and physical wellbeing in the classroom? A. checking Silvio's wheelchair thoroughly for proper function on Monday of each week B. ensuring that Silvio's pressure-relief regimen is followed every day without fail C. isolating Silvio whenever one or more of his classmates shows any signs of illness D. confirming each day that Silvio has been administered his required daily medications -(Correct ANS) : B. ensuring that Silvio's pressure-relief regimen is followed every day without fail - For individuals with spinal cord injuries, pressure relief is important to prevent skin breakdown due to constant pressure on one area. Pressure relief is necessary every 15-30 minutes. A child may be able to participate independently in pressure relief using vertical pushups, forward leans, lateral bends, and shifts. A teacher or paraprofessional may be needed to tilt the wheelchair backward to allow for a shift of weight for a short time for pressure relief. 21. An early childhood special education teacher would like to incorporate technology in a reading program for Eliot, a kindergarten student with cerebral palsy, to support beginning skills in reading comprehension. Eliot has difficulty processing text visually, maintaining attention, and turning pages in a picture book. Which of the following types of technology would likely be the most effective to use with Eliot? A. an audio recording of printed text B. a stand-alone unit with optical character recognition C. a digital tablet that reads and highlights each word D. a desktop computer with a large color monitor -(Correct ANS) : C. a digital tablet that reads and highlights each word - A digital tablet that reads aloud, highlights each word, and displays text and a picture would assist Eliot with tracking words and sentences as he follows along. Children with cerebral palsy may experience frustration in trying to track and later read text due to their motor weaknesses, which often affect visual motor ability. Digital tablets are lightweight and easy to hold and have clear displays that would likely help maintain Eliot's attention. Also, digital tablets can easily be mounted to a desk, table, or wheelchair, making them very portable and easy to use independently. 22. When considering which environment is best for providing services for a young child with disabilities on an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), it is important to: A. ascertain what resources in the community have been developed specifically for young children with this disability B. determine which goals can be best addressed through the child's typical routines and activities C. identify which is the most convenient location for service providers to meet with the child, and arrange for the family to visit D. establish the family's willingness and ability to participate in home visits -(Correct ANS) : B. determine which goals can be best addressed through the child's typical routines and activities - An IFSP Approach includes the whole family, not just the child, in developing and implementing a plan to address early intervention services in the child's natural environment. Most visits will take place within the home, although a child care setting, preschool, or early education program that also and rolls children without disabilities can be considered the child's natural environment. And IFSP is developed based on a comprehensive assessment of the child needs as well as the needs and concerns of the family. 23. A kindergarten teacher and an early childhood special education teacher will be co-teaching a class of diverse learners including two children with behavioral disabilities. The teachers want to design a learning environment that will promote a feeling of competence and active participation for all children in the class. Which of the following plans would be the most effective for achieving this goal? A. arranging for children with academic and behavioral issues to work at a slower, more comfortable pace B. creating clear and consistent classroom schedules and routines in order to impart a sense of security and reliability C. organizing small cooperative groups of children who span the academic spectrum in order to promote a sense of equality D. establishing a hand signal that each child can use to leave the class when they feel tired or overwhelmed -(Correct ANS) : B. creating clear and consistent classroom schedules and routines in order to impart a sense of security and reliability - Based on research of children with behavioral disabilities, establishing routines and schedules for how things are done and teaching these routines to the children can help them stay on target in a classroom. For example, it is important to implement consistent routine's for those times when children have to make a transition from one lesson to another, or four times when they have to get or put away materials. Using schedules and routines can prevent behavior problems and create a proactive and positive learning environment. 24. A kindergarten general education teacher is concerned about Ira, a child with an intellectual disability who is consistently interrupting and disturbing other children during math centers. Ira has been observed walking around the classroom, throwing materials, poking other children, and refusing to complete center activities. The teacher has been implementing the academic modifications and accommodations outlined in Ira's IEP, and has been working closely with his paraprofessional, but Ira's behaviors continue to occur daily. Which of the following steps should the special education teacher take first to address this situation? A. conducting a functional behavioral assessment with the IEP team B. observing Ira working on math assignments in the resource room for several weeks C. reconvening the IEP team to discuss increasing social special education services during math centers D. creating a behavior intervention plan with input from Ira's parents and kindergarten teacher -(Correct ANS) : A. conducting a functional behavioral assessment with the IEP team - A functional behavioral assessment is a systematic process to determine the underlying function or purpose of a particular behavior so that an intervention plan can be developed. In order to determine an appropriate strategy to address Ira's behavior, it is necessary to identify why he is engaging in the behavior. Research on positive behavior intervention and supports indicates a greater likelihood of success with behavioral intervention plans when they are developed after the analysis of a functional behavioral assessment. 25. A special education teacher and a general education teacher co-teach a kindergarten class that includes several children with disabilities. At the beginning of the school year the teachers tell the class that when they want to communicate important information, one of the teachers will say, "One, two, three, eyes on me" and then wait for the children to respond, "One, two, eyes on you." The primary purpose of this strategy is to: *CONT
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oae 013 early childhood special education exam202223
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oae 013 early childhood special education exam
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an early childhood special education teacher is reviewing research on child abuse and neglect th
