NU606_W13_Neoplasm_and_Genetic_Disorders_Guided_Notes_Final qualifying examination questions and answers

Neoplasm and Genetic Disorders Guided Notes 1. List common roots and suffixes for tumours and state their meanings. Sarcoma and carcinoma denote cancerous tumours, and the suffix -oma is used to denote benign tumours. Malignant tumours originating from the epithelium are referred to as carcinomas, whereas tumours of mesenchymal origin (bones, muscles and nerves) are referred to as sarcomas. For instance, adenoma – a glandular tissue benign tumor Adenocarcinoma - a glandular tissue malignant tumor. 2. Compare and contrast the characteristics of a benign tumour and a malignant one. Benign tumours Malignant tumours Slow growth rate Rapid growth rate Do not invade the neighbouring tissues Invade the neighbouring tissues Prognosis is good The prognosis is poor if untreated There is rare tumour necrosis Common tumour necrosis 3. How do tumours form? After malignant transformation, the malignant cells begin releasing hormones like the growth factor hormones. It leads to increased proliferation of cells leading to the formation of a growth referred to as a tumour. 4. How do tumours spread? Lymphatic spread- spread through the lymphatic system Hematogenous spread- spread through the circulation system Direct seeding- spread to the immediate cavity example, from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity 5. Why is there inflammation and infection at a tumour site? Inflammation occurs due to an inflammatory response resulting from continued stimulations. Infections result from tumour necrosis leading to breakage of the skin and the formation of a wound. 6. What are the warning signs of cancer? Pain, Immune suppression, cancer cachexia, Paraneoplastic syndromes, infections and wounds. 7. How is cancer graded? Stage 0- is an early stages of cancerous transformation. Stage 1- a tumor has begun forming. No metastasis has happened Stage 2- cancer has established and is huge, but no metastasis or invasion has happened Stage 3- the malignancy is more advanced and invades the local tissues example, the lymph nodes. Stage 4- the cancer is more complex and spreads from where it started to other body parts.