WGU Patho D236 Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2023

Turner syndrome - Correct answer-A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an *X chromosome* is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Tay-Sachs Disease - Correct answer-A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Down syndrome - Correct answer-A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 Diabetes Insipidus - Correct answer-Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect. The *serum sodium is often elevated* due to excess free water losses. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine. Cardiac Valve Disease Process - Correct answer-In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s). Cardiac Valve Complications - Correct answer-Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including: * Heart failure. * Stroke. * Blood clots. * Heart rhythm abnormalities. * Death. Respiratory Illness from bats - Correct answer-*Viral hemorrhagic fevers* are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. Anemia - Correct answer-Different types of anemia include: Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency Anemia due to iron deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Hemolytic anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - Correct answer-The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH. Pyelonephritis - Correct answer-Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney Prostate cancer - Correct answer-Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged and older. Artery response during blood loss. Does cell shrink or swell ? - Correct answer-*Vasoconstriction* Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait - Correct answer-This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN1 gene Spina Bifida - Correct answer-Not having enough *folic acid* during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida. Bursitis - Correct answer-Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints. Sprains and Strains - Correct answer-A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled away from the bone. Endometriosis - Correct answer-# *Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)*. Pelvic pain and cramping may begin before and extend several days into a menstrual period. #Lower back and abdominal pain. #Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis. #Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these symptoms during a menstrual period. #Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding). #Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for infertility. #Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods. Ulcerative colitis - Correct answer-Ulcerative colitis is an *autoimmune disease of the large intestine*, specifically the *colon and rectum*. It affects the mucosal layer of the large intestine. #Aortic stenosis/regurgitation #Mitral stenosis/regurgitation - Correct answer-*Mitral valve stenosis* occurs when the mitral valve in the heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. The mitral valve may also leak, causing *blood to flow back through the valve each time the left ventricle contracts*. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation. *Backflow of blood* is caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly. *Mitral valve regurgitation* is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, which allows *blood to flow backward in the heart*. How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease? - Correct answer-*Ulcerative colitis only affects the large intestine*, while *Crohn's disease can affect the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract*. While diarrhea can occur in both, ulcerative colitis is more likely to present with blood in the stool. A colonoscopy will show pseudopolyps for ulcerative colitis but will show a cobblestone appearance for Crohn's disease. Pancreatitis - Correct answer-Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder. With acute pancreatitis, there is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation. With chronic pancreatitis, the gland undergoes repeated episodes of inflammation and gradual deterioration. Acute pancreatitis can be caused by #Gallstones #Excessive alcohol consumption #High blood triglycerides #Abdominal injury, #Certain medications and toxins. Peritonsillar abscess - Correct answer-A complication of tonsillitis in which the infection spreads behind the tonsils. A peritonsillar abscess occurs when a collection of pus forms and infection spreads beyond the tonsils into the neck and chest. Swollen tissues can block the airway. Symptoms include fever, difficulty swallowing, and severe throat pain. Antibiotics can treat an early infection. Sometimes a collection of pus needs to be drained by a procedure called incision and drainage. Ulcers - Correct answer-The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper small intestine. The most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer is a pain in the mid to upper stomach region, especially if this pain intensifies when the stomach is empty or if the pain wakes you up in the middle of the night. Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside of the esophagus. These ulcers can typically be treated with changes to lifestyle and diet, coupled with certain medications and other treatments. Cranial nerves - Correct answer-*I Olfactory -Sensory- Smell *II Optic - Sensory - Vision *III Oculomotor - Motor - Extraocular movements (EOMs) and pupil response *IV Trochlear - Motor - EOMs *V Trigeminal - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial sensation, Masseter muscle control of chewing *VI Abducens - Motor - EOMs *VII Facial - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial expressions and taste over anterior twothirds of tongue *VIII Auditory or Vestibulocochlear -Sensory- Hearing and equilibrium *IX Glossopharyngeal - Mixed (motor and sensory) -Elevation of pharynx in swallowing, taste over posterior one-third of tongue, and salivation *X Vagus - Mixed (motor and sensory) - Gag reflex and parasympathetic control of body * XI Accessory - Motor - Turn the head and shrug *XII Hypoglossal - Motor - Tongue movement Multi factorial diseases - Correct answer-The majority of diseases are the result of multifactorial genetic influences. Diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a combination of genetics and environment or a combination of several defective genes working, or not working, together. In these diseases, an individual inherits one or more gene defects that predispose them to a disorder, and then environmental or behavioral triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease development. For example, multifactorial inheritance factors are involved in the development of type 1 and type 2 DM: Fluid and Electrolytes - Correct answer-Imbalances of the body's biological, and chemical constituents, such as electrolytes, can cause cell injury. For example, high sodium levels in the bloodstream, termed *hypernatremia*, cause intracellular fluid depletion (cellular dehydration) and reversible cell shrinkage. The symptoms associated with this include #Lethargy #Weakness #Irritability #Confusion Fractures - Correct answer-Osteoporosis results in a loss of bone mass. A change in bone mineralization is characteristic of osteomalacia and rickets rather than osteoporosis. The decrease in bone density makes bones more fragile and susceptible to fracture. Ida's osteoclasts are breaking down more bone than osteoblasts are rebuilding. This results in bone loss