Patho Final/ HESI. Exam questions and answers. RATED A+

Patho Final/ HESI. Exam questions and answers. RATED A+ What are the different types of fractures? - -Transverse -Oblique -Spiral -Comminuted -Avulsion -Impacted -Torus -Greenstick What are the stages of bone healing? - 1) hematoma 2) callus formation 3) ossification 4) remodeling What is the difference between a traumatic fracture and pathologic fracture? - -*trauma* --> direct injury -*pathologic* --> disease process; osteoporosis, metastatic bone cancer What is the purpose of immobilization? - *to prevent further damage* -to preserve/ restore function by preventing pressure on nearby nerves, arteries, and soft tissues. What is osteoporosis? - -rate of reabsorption exceeds rate of bone formation -osteoclast production exceeds osteoblast production What is an osteoclast? - a large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing. What is an osteoblast? - a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation. What supplement may promote osteoblast production? - calcium A decrease in what promotes bone mass loss? - estrogen levels What can enhance calcium absorption? - Vitamin D If calcium is too low in your bone? - *The parathyroid secrete PTH to stimulate the kidneys to make vitamin D precursor to help intestines absorb more calcium* -PTH can also signal bones to release stored calcium If calcium is too high in your bone? - the parathyroid secretes calcitonin to signal the bones to hold onto calcium an inhibit osteoclast activity What is compartment syndrome? What do you need to do to relieve this? Medical emergency? - *Increased pressure from swelling with the fascia compresses blood vessel which decreases blood flow to the muscles and nerves* -need to relieve pressure (loosen cast) -can be limb threatening due to lose of pulses (need to treat with emergency fasciotomy -decreased sensation -skin pallor --> increased capillary refill time -tight swollen shiny skin -may lead to tissue death and nerve damage What is osteoarthritis? - -affects mostly large, weight bearing joints -localized inflammation of joints -degenerative- known as "wear and tear" arthritis -mostly older adults -pain and aching -crepitus and grinding What is rheumatoid arthritis? - -affects mostly small joints -systemic inflammation- autoimmune response -leads to formation of pannus (vascular tissue) -all ages -stiff, swollen, tender, warm, spongy -fever, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, thin skin, corneal ulcers, nodules, vasculitis -exacerbations and remissions What are the 5 P's involved in the neurovascular assessment? - Pain (especially on passive motion) Pallor Paresthesia Paralysis Pulselessness Risk of DVT can lead to what? - pulmonary embolus (can be blood or air) What is a pulmonary embolism? - happens when a blood clot called a Deep Vein Thrombosis, often in your leg, travels to your lungs and blocks a blood vessel What are the 3 characteristics in Virchow's triad? - -Immobility (venous stasis) -Vessel injury (surgery) -Hyper-coagulability (clotting disorders/dehydration)