ATI TEAS 6 EXAM STUDY
GUIDE VERIFIED
Science
Cell
➢ Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in
common is they all have membranes (phospholipids).
➢ Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA &
can synthesize proteins. Consists of nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and
cell membrane.
o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together
o Organs: Tissues that are grouped together
o Systems: Organs that are grouped together
o Organism: A complete individual
➢ Nuclear parts of a cell
o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the
cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells (they all have
nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains
nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores,
chromatin, & ribosomes.
o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short
deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic material that
stores information about the plant/animal.
o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have
membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes & stores RNA.
o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made
of lipids.
o Nuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus
* cytoplasm
o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
,➢ Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of
lipids and proteins. Made of phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends
of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other.
o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water
o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
➢ Selective Permeability
o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge,
and solubility.
➢ Cell structure
o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids.
o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are
transported out of the cell. Near nucleus & consists of layers
of membranes.
o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste
removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal cells are small or
have numerous.
o Vesicle: Has membrane, & can move materials within the cell.
o Cytoskeleton: Microtubules that shape and support the cell.
o Microtubules: Part of cytoskeleton & help support cell.
Made of protein.
o Cytosol: Liquid material within the cell. Mostly water &
had floating materials.
o Cytoplasm: Cytosol & organelles found within the
plasma membrane, not within nucleus!
o Cell membrane: Barrier that keeps materials out of
cell. Determines what’s allowed in and out.
o Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the
surface, produce & store proteins
o Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps store lipids & proteins.
, o Mitochondrion: Generate ATP, involved in cell growth &
death. Contain their own DNA aside from the one within the
nucleus.
▪ Functions: Produce energy, cell signaling, cellular
differentiation, cell cycle & growth regulation. Can
also have aerobic respiration.
➢ Animal Cell Structure
o Centrosome: Mitosis & the cell cycle occur here
o Centriole: Cellular division
o Lysosome: Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Help remove undigested substances.
o Cilia: Appendages that cause a cell to move & can move fluid
o Flagella: Tail like structures that help the cell move. A
cell usually only has one or a few flagella. Longer than
cilia.
➢ Cell Cycle: Cell reproduces, growth cell, duplication of genetic
material, and cell division.
➢ Cell Differentiation: Helps determine the cell type for each cell,
process is controlled by genes of each cell (zygote). Following
the directions of the genes, a cell builds certain proteins and other
substances to set it apart as a specific type of cell.
➢ Mitosis: DNA replication & Production of new cells
▪ IPMAT=Cytokinesis
o Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by replicating genetic
& cytoplasmic material. (G1, S, G2)
o Prophase: Chromatic thickens & nuclear membrane
disintegrates. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cells, and
spindle fibers form. Mitotic spindle, formed cytoskeleton parts,
moves chromosomes around the cell.
o Metaphase: Spindle moves to the center of the cell.
Chromosomes align in the center.
GUIDE VERIFIED
Science
Cell
➢ Cell: basic organizational unit of all living things. One thing in
common is they all have membranes (phospholipids).
➢ Cell structure organization: All cells contain DNA, and RNA &
can synthesize proteins. Consists of nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and
cell membrane.
o Tissues: Cells that are grouped together
o Organs: Tissues that are grouped together
o Systems: Organs that are grouped together
o Organism: A complete individual
➢ Nuclear parts of a cell
o Nucleus: contains chromosomes, & regulates DNA of the
cell. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells (they all have
nucleus). Passes genetic traits between generations. Contains
nuclear envelop, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores,
chromatin, & ribosomes.
o Chromosomes: thread like rods of DNA. Short
deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is the genetic material that
stores information about the plant/animal.
o Chromatin: DNA & Protein makeup chromosomes
o Nucleolus: Proteins, small/round doesn’t have
membrane. Protein synthesis, synthesizes & stores RNA.
o Nuclear envelope: Encloses structures within nucleus. Made
of lipids.
o Nuclear pores: Exchange materials between the nucleus
* cytoplasm
o Nucleoplasm: Liquid like cytoplasm, within nucleus.
Cell Membranes
,➢ Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane): Semipermeable membrane of
lipids and proteins. Made of phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic ends
of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer
facing inside the cell, hydrophobic ends facing each other.
o Hydrophilic: Water loving, can dissolve water
o Hydrophobic: Hates water, can’t dissolve water
➢ Selective Permeability
o Selective Permeability with regards to size, charge,
and solubility.
➢ Cell structure
o Ribosomes: synthesize proteins from amino acids.
o Golgi apparatus: synthesize materials like proteins that are
transported out of the cell. Near nucleus & consists of layers
of membranes.
o Vacuoles: Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste
removal. One large in plant cells/ Animal cells are small or
have numerous.
o Vesicle: Has membrane, & can move materials within the cell.
o Cytoskeleton: Microtubules that shape and support the cell.
o Microtubules: Part of cytoskeleton & help support cell.
Made of protein.
o Cytosol: Liquid material within the cell. Mostly water &
had floating materials.
o Cytoplasm: Cytosol & organelles found within the
plasma membrane, not within nucleus!
o Cell membrane: Barrier that keeps materials out of
cell. Determines what’s allowed in and out.
o Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Ribosomes on the
surface, produce & store proteins
o Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: Helps store lipids & proteins.
, o Mitochondrion: Generate ATP, involved in cell growth &
death. Contain their own DNA aside from the one within the
nucleus.
▪ Functions: Produce energy, cell signaling, cellular
differentiation, cell cycle & growth regulation. Can
also have aerobic respiration.
➢ Animal Cell Structure
o Centrosome: Mitosis & the cell cycle occur here
o Centriole: Cellular division
o Lysosome: Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Help remove undigested substances.
o Cilia: Appendages that cause a cell to move & can move fluid
o Flagella: Tail like structures that help the cell move. A
cell usually only has one or a few flagella. Longer than
cilia.
➢ Cell Cycle: Cell reproduces, growth cell, duplication of genetic
material, and cell division.
➢ Cell Differentiation: Helps determine the cell type for each cell,
process is controlled by genes of each cell (zygote). Following
the directions of the genes, a cell builds certain proteins and other
substances to set it apart as a specific type of cell.
➢ Mitosis: DNA replication & Production of new cells
▪ IPMAT=Cytokinesis
o Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by replicating genetic
& cytoplasmic material. (G1, S, G2)
o Prophase: Chromatic thickens & nuclear membrane
disintegrates. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cells, and
spindle fibers form. Mitotic spindle, formed cytoskeleton parts,
moves chromosomes around the cell.
o Metaphase: Spindle moves to the center of the cell.
Chromosomes align in the center.
