DCF Child Care Training Exam (Fall) Child Growth and Development

Three-month-old Sean loves to wave his arms in the air. As you watch him, you think about the skills he will probably achieve next: first, he will grasp objects; then he will be able to hold a crayon; and someday, he will be able to write with a pencil. - ANSWER Principle 2- General to specific Tom and Tim are twins and want to do everything together. However, Tom rode his tricycle with ease by his third birthday, but Tim was almost four before he could ride his tricycle with confidence. - ANSWER Principle 4- proceeds at different rates In the Infant Care Center this fall, you noticed four-month-old Sara roll over; a few weeks later, she began scooting. By December, six-month-old Raul had rolled over and scooted. Last week, you noted that Renae—at the age of five months—had rolled over, and you predict she will be scooting very soon. - ANSWER Principle 1- similar to all When LaShanda was two, you noted that she enjoyed solitary play and did not interact with other children. By the age of two and a half, LaShanda liked to play next to another child, but there was no interaction (parallel play). By the age of three, LaShanda engaged routinely in associative play and could share common materials with another child without interaction. By three and a half, she had made her first real friend and was capable of true cooperative play. - ANSWER Principle 3- continuous Pete and Al, both nearly five years old, are playing with the same puzzle. You watch as Pete tells Al, "The first piece goes here." Al says, "We both have five pieces now." Even though the activity lasts only a few minutes, you believe it is a good indicator of each boy's current development. - ANSWER Principle 5- interrelated Food - ANSWER Physical A sense of belonging and acceptance - ANSWER social Feeling of success and pride in accomplishments - ANSWER self-esteem Water - ANSWER Physical Positive interactions with others - ANSWER social Transportation - ANSWER Comfort and safety Stable relationships with others - ANSWER social Having a feeling that there is a purpose to one's life - ANSWER self-actualization Safe Neighborhood - ANSWER comfort and safety Feeling of competency - ANSWER self-esteem The ability to cope and problem solve - ANSWER self-esteem Empathy - ANSWER self-actualization Safe relationships - ANSWER comfort and safety sleep - ANSWER physical Spirituality - ANSWER self-actualization Erikson developed ___ psychosocial stages through which humans develop during their lifetime. - ANSWER 8 Successful progression through all of Erikson's conflicts ensures that an individual becomes ____ stable. - ANSWER socially and emotionally If parents and caregivers fail to help resolve a conflict, children could experience ____. - ANSWER All of the above According to Erikson, emotional development is a series of stages called ______. - ANSWER conflicts A firm foundation of trust encourages _____ . - ANSWER All of the above Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - ANSWER Toddlers need to explore their own bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves. Initiative vs. Guilt - ANSWER Four- and five-year-olds begin to develop an interest in exploring beyond themselves. Children who are not allowed to pursue their natural curiosity will be prone to feel guilt for their actions. Integrity vs. Despair - ANSWER After the age of 65, adults seek meaning in their lives by reflecting on their accomplishments and fulfillment in life. Trust vs. Mistrust - ANSWER Trust is developed over time by providing a consistent, comforting environment. Industry vs. Inferiority - ANSWER Between the ages of 6 and 12, children show the ability to develop competencies. Children who are inhibited in developing these skills and abilities will experience inferiority. Intimacy vs. Isolation - ANSWER Between the ages of 18 and 35, young adults are exploring the development of relationships. Identity vs. Role Confusion - ANSWER Between the ages of 12 and 18, children are attempting to define who they are and where they are going. Generatively vs. Stagnation - ANSWER Between the ages of 35 and 64, adults are seeking a sense of accomplishment in life through family and career. Two- to seven-year-olds begin to use symbols (one thing that represents another) and are egocentric. - ANSWER Preoperational Seven- to eleven-year-olds become more rational in their thinking. - ANSWER Concrete-Operational Infants and toddlers learn through sensory perception and motor activity. - ANSWER Sensorimotor For children older than eleven, thinking becomes very abstract and they are able to think beyond the present. - ANSWER Formal Operations This theory suggests that development focuses around acquiring a different set of characteristics and abilities. - ANSWER Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development This theory supports the use of fostering learning through a technique called "scaffolding." - ANSWER Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development This theory suggests that a child is unable to learn if they are hungry or thirsty. - ANSWER Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs This theory is so basic and universal that it has become influential in every early childhood program since its development. - ANSWER Montessori Method This theory places emphasis on creating a learning environment that is beautiful and orderly. - ANSWER Montessori Method This theory suggests that a conflict is best resolved during a specific stage of life. - ANSWER Erikson's Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development This theory suggests that children develop the ability to learn in four basic stages. - ANSWER Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development This theory suggests that a conflict must be resolved before proceeding to the next conflict. - ANSWER Erikson's Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development This theory suggests that needs at the lowest levels must be met before higher-level needs can be nourished. - ANSWER Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs This theory suggests that a child can perform a task under adult guidance, or with peer collaboration, that he/she could not achieve alone. - ANSWER Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development Using a daily routine that encourages children to engage in physical play - ANSWER Positive impact Plenty of time in the daily schedule for indoor and outdoor physical activities - ANSWER Positive impact Sharing information with parents about healthy nutritional practices and the importance of daily physical exercise - ANSWER Positive impact Health effects, such as illnesses, accidents, injuries, and diseases - ANSWER Negative Impact Eating plenty of calories and limiting daily physical activities - ANSWER Negative Impact Overexposure to candy, soda, and fast food - ANSWER Negative Impact Maintaining a healthy body through proper nutrition and exercise - ANSWER Positive impact Materials that facilitate physical activities, such as sports balls, jump ropes, and playground equipment - ANSWER Positive impact Overexposure to quiet activities, such as television programming, video games, movies, and computers - ANSWER Negative Impact Nap periods that are short and insufficient - ANSWER Negative Impact Children who experience positive interactions during cooperative play will: - ANSWER Learn to share toys and engage with others without prompting or guidance from adults and caregivers Which of the following encourages social development in children? - ANSWER All of the above You can help children learn appropriate behaviors and expectations by: - ANSWER Encouraging interactions with family, peers, adults, caregivers, and neighbors Children establish the foundation for feelings of acceptance, belonging, and self-esteem through all of the following except: - ANSWER Being aware of a perceived difference, whether physical or mental, between a child and their peers As a child care professional, you can help children with disabilities engage with their peers by: - ANSWER All of the above Creative Expression Through the Arts - ANSWER Ability to express ideas and feelings, use words, manipulate tools and media, and solve problems Approaches to Learning - ANSWER Eagerness to learn, including curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving, and the ability to create and complete long-term projects Social Studies - ANSWER Basic social understanding beginning with self and family, then expanding to peers and other adults Physical Development - ANSWER Typical growth patterns, changes in weight and height, gross and fine motor skills, general health and safety, visual perception, and hearing Scientific Inquiry - ANSWER Exploring and discovering to learn about the world Language and Literacy - ANSWER Ability to see, hear, speak, read, write, and construct an understanding of things Social and Emotional Development - ANSWER How children feel about themselves and others Mathematical Thinking - ANSWER Number knowledge, patterns, size, shape awareness, and the relationship between objects and space Asking for more cookies when given one or two (Mathematical Thinking) - ANSWER 18-24 months Talking about events and people associated with cultural celebrations (Social Studies) - ANSWER 2-3 years Able to measure in terms of inches and centimeters, and enjoy measuring with rulers, measuring tape, and yardsticks (Mathematical Thinking) - ANSWER 5-12 years of age Crawling to explore the environment (Scientific Inquiry) - ANSWER 8-18 months Noticing new things and asking questions about them (Approaches to Learning) - ANSWER 3-4 years Experimenting with stacking blocks (Scientific Inquiry) - ANSWER 2-3 years