ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 FOR HESI EXAMS 2022 NEWLY UPDATED SOLUTION GUIDE 100% BEST SOLUTION Maryville University of St. Louis

What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - • Well define nucleus. • cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do prokaryotes. • cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA. • cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis . it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell - Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules. -they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact -they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind to them -they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - mitocondria they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ribosome is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main function is cell division and control of genetic information - nucleus is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins - nucleolus are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes - lysosomes specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles - endoplasmic reticulum proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane - Golgi apparatus or complex membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide. - peroxisomes it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles - cytosol maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - cytoskeleton cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized. - paracrine cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - autocrine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - neurotransmitter are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other set of cells