ATI TEAS 7 BIOLOGY TESTED JULY 2022 | 2022/2023 ATI TEAS 7 TESTED JULY

ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review. Macromolecules : Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme Carbohydrate : Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose ● Structural function: cellulose and chitin ● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen ● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids Lipids : Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water ● H and C and main components ● Fats ● Hydrophobic - thus help separate aqueous compartments ● Store energy (fats , oils, adipose) Protein : Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds ● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types) ● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic) - not soluble in water, found in structural protein ● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes) ● Function as transport carries or signal transfer Nucleic Acids : Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA ● DNA stores genetic material ● Chromosomes ● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA Enzymes : Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions ● Not consumed in reaction ● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy ● Exergonic: release energy ● Endergonic: require energy ● Energy is supplied and released as ATP ● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site) DNA and RNA DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins ● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA ● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine ● Purines: Adenine an d Guanine ● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine ● Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION) ● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A -T) and (C -G). Non -covalent, weak. o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine ● Double Helix structure ● Coded or read 5'→3' ● Sugar(pentose) -Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group - bound to 4 oxygen atoms) DNA Replication DNA Helicase : Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand DNA Primase : Generates RNA Primer. A ct as a template for starting point of DNA Replication DNA Polymerase : Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands in 5'→3' direction Topoisomerase : Prevents supercoiling DNA Ligase : Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides Okazaki Fragment : Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand Single Strand Binding Protein : Stabilize structure during replication Leading Strand : Replicated con tinuously in the 3' to 5' direction Lagging Strand : Replicated discontinuously in short sections ● Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica o Interphase (G 1, S, G2) o Prophase o Metaphase o Anaphase o Telophase o Cytokinesis Cell Cycle ● Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding o Only happens in gametes* o 1st phase ● chromosomes cross over ● genetic material exchanged ● tetrads of 4 chromatids formed □ Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles □2 cells go through 2nd cell division □ 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes ● Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell ● Zygote - controls cell differentiation Tissues ¾ groups of cells ¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective 1. Epithelial : (joined together tightly) ex. Skin 2. Connective : (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph □Protects & binds body parts a. Cartilage : cushions & provides structural support i. Fibrous b. Blood : transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones &