NR283 IQuiz 2 IStudy Guide
Quiz I2 IStudy IGuide
**For Ieach Idisease, Imake Isure Iyou Iknow Ithe Icauses, Irisk Ifactors,
Ipathophysiologic Ip rocess, Iand Iclinical Imanifestations Iwhen Iapplicable**
Renal:
● Urinary Itract Iobstructions:
o Kidney Istones I(Renal ICalculi) I- Imost Icommon Itype Iis Ia Icalcium Istone
▪ Risk IFactors/Causes:
● Gender I- IWhite Imales Iare Imost Icommon
● Diet
● Lack Iof IFluid Iintake
● Fluid Iretention
● Changes Iin Iurine IpH
▪ Pathophysiologic IProcess:
● 1 I- ISupersaturation Iof Isalt I(higher Ilevels Iof Isalt Iin Ithe Iurine Iand Iblood)
● 2 I- IPrecipitation Iof Isalt I(moving Ifrom Iliquid Ito Isolid)
● 3 I- IGrowth Iof Ithe Istone I(when Ithe Istone Iis Iformed)
● 4 I- IPresence Ior Iabsence Iof Istone Iinhibitors I(protein Iwhose Ijob Iis Ito Iprevent Ithe
IformationIo f Ikidney Istones)
▪ CM:
● Renal IColic I- Imoderate Ito IsevereIpain Ithat Istarts Iin Iyour Iback Iand Iradiates Ito Ithe Igroin
● Urgency, IfrequencyIhematuria
o Neurogenic IBladder I- Ipatients Iwith Ineurologic Iconditions I(MS, Ispinal Iinjuries)
▪ Characterized Iby: IDyssynergia I- ILoss Iof Imuscle Icontraction Iof Ithe Ibladder
● Patients Iexperience Iproblems Iwith:
o Loss Iof Isensation Iof Ithe Ibladder
o Automatic Iemptying I - Ibladder Idoes Inot Ihold Iurine
o Incoordination Iof Isphincters
o Overactive IBladder ISyndrome I- Ioveractivity Iof Ithe Idetrusor Imuscle
▪ Patients Iget Iconstant Iinvoluntary Icontractions Iof Ithe Ibladder I- Itelling Ithem ItheirIbladder
IisIfull I- Iconstantly Ihaving Iurge Ito Iurinate
▪ These Icontractions Iare Inot Istrong Ienough Ito Iempty Ithe Ifull Ibladder
● Leads Ito Iurinary Iretention Iand Iincontinence
▪ CM:
● Frequency, Iurgency, Iand Inocturia I(urination Iat Inight)
o Urethral Istrictures I- Inarrowing Iof Ithe Iurethra IcausedIby Iscarring Ifrom
Iinfections,Isurgery, Itoo Imany ISTI’s.
▪ Seen Imore Ioften Iin Imen
● Acute ICystitis I- Iinfection Iand Iinflammation Iof Ithe Ibladder
o Most Icommon ICause: IE. IColi Ior Ia Ibacteria
o The Iinfection Icauses Iinflammation Iand Iedema Iof Ithe Ibladder Iaffecting Ithe Istretch
Ireceptors I(delivers Imessages Ito Ibrain Iwhen Iyour Ibladder Iis Ifull Iand Iyou Ineed Ito Iurinate)
, ▪ When Ithe Ibladder Ifills Iwith Ia Ismall Iamount Iof Iurine, Ithe Istretch Ireceptors Iwill Ithen Itell
ItheIb rain Iit Iis Itime Ito Igo Ito Ithe Ibathroom, Ieven Ithough Iit Iis Inot Ifull
o CM:
▪ Frequency, IUrgency, IDysuria I(pain Iduring Iurination), Ihematuria I(blood Iin Iurine), Iand Ipain
● Interstitial ICystitis I- IAKA IPainful IBladder ISyndrome
o Cause: Iunknown, Ipossibly Icaused Iby Ianother Imicroorganism Ithat’s INOT Ibacteria
o Thoughts I(but Iunknown): ISimilar Ito Ia IHypersensitivity, Ior Ian Iautoimmune
IresponseI(body Iis Iattacking Ithe Ibladder Icausing Iinflammation)
o CM: Isimilar Ito Iacute Icystitis
● Pyelonephritis I- Iinfection Iof Ithe Iureter, Irenal Ipelvis, Imedulla, Iand Icortex I- IKidney Iinfection
o Causes:
▪ Kidney Istones
▪ Reflux Iof Iurine I(urine Imoves Iup Ithe Iurinary Itract Iinstead Iof Iout)
▪ Trauma
o Acute: IMost Icommonly Iassociated Iwith Iobstructions I(kidney Istone) Ior Ireflux Iof Iurine
▪ Inflammation Iof Ikidneys, Ikidneys Iinfiltrated Iwith IWBC’s
▪ CM: Ifrequency, Iurgency, Ipain, Ifever, Iand Ichills I- I(similar Ito Ia IUTI)
o Chronic:
▪ Causes: Irecurring Iepisodes Iof Iacute, Ior Ichronic Iobstructions
▪ Inflammation I- Idestruction Iand Iscarring Iof Ithe Ikidney
▪ Patients Iwill Idevelop Ikidney Ifailure Ieventually
● Glomerulonephritis I- Iinflammation Iof ItheIglomerulus
o Causes:
▪ MOST ICOMMON I- IImmunologic IAbnormalities
▪ Drugs, Itoxins, Iinfections, Isystemic Idiseases
o Pathophysiology:
▪ 1 I- IFormation Iof Ian Iimmune Icomplex I(antigen/antibody) Iwhich Iis Ilarger Ithan Inormal
▪ 2 I- IGets Ilodged Iin Ithe Iglomerulus
▪ 3 I- ICauses Iinflammation
▪ 4 I- IInjury Iand Idamage Ito Ithe Iglomerulus
o CM:
▪ Oliguria I(decreased Iurine Ioutput)
▪ Hypertension
▪ Renal IFailure
▪ Hematuria I(blood Iin Iurine)
▪ Proteinuria I(protein Iin Ithe Iurine)
● Nephrotic ISyndrome I- Iexcretion Iof Ilarge Iamounts Iof Iprotein Iin Ithe Iurine Iper Iday
o Goes Ihand-in-hand Iwith IGlomerulonephritis
o Patients Iare Ilosing Ialbumin I(carrier Iprotein Ithat Iregulates Ithe Ifluid Ibetween Ithe Itissue) I-
ICausing Ipatients Ito Idevelop IHypoalbuminemia I(low Ilevels Iof Ialbumin Iin Ithe Iblood)
o Patients Ihave Iedema Iand Ivitamin ID Ideficiency, I and ImayInotice Ia Iprotein Ifoam Iin Itheir
urine
● Acute IKidney IInjury I- Isudden Idecline Iin Ikidney Ifunction I- Ipatients Iwill Ihave Ioliguria
o 3 Iclassifications
▪ Prerenal I-
Quiz I2 IStudy IGuide
**For Ieach Idisease, Imake Isure Iyou Iknow Ithe Icauses, Irisk Ifactors,
Ipathophysiologic Ip rocess, Iand Iclinical Imanifestations Iwhen Iapplicable**
Renal:
● Urinary Itract Iobstructions:
o Kidney Istones I(Renal ICalculi) I- Imost Icommon Itype Iis Ia Icalcium Istone
▪ Risk IFactors/Causes:
● Gender I- IWhite Imales Iare Imost Icommon
● Diet
● Lack Iof IFluid Iintake
● Fluid Iretention
● Changes Iin Iurine IpH
▪ Pathophysiologic IProcess:
● 1 I- ISupersaturation Iof Isalt I(higher Ilevels Iof Isalt Iin Ithe Iurine Iand Iblood)
● 2 I- IPrecipitation Iof Isalt I(moving Ifrom Iliquid Ito Isolid)
● 3 I- IGrowth Iof Ithe Istone I(when Ithe Istone Iis Iformed)
● 4 I- IPresence Ior Iabsence Iof Istone Iinhibitors I(protein Iwhose Ijob Iis Ito Iprevent Ithe
IformationIo f Ikidney Istones)
▪ CM:
● Renal IColic I- Imoderate Ito IsevereIpain Ithat Istarts Iin Iyour Iback Iand Iradiates Ito Ithe Igroin
● Urgency, IfrequencyIhematuria
o Neurogenic IBladder I- Ipatients Iwith Ineurologic Iconditions I(MS, Ispinal Iinjuries)
▪ Characterized Iby: IDyssynergia I- ILoss Iof Imuscle Icontraction Iof Ithe Ibladder
● Patients Iexperience Iproblems Iwith:
o Loss Iof Isensation Iof Ithe Ibladder
o Automatic Iemptying I - Ibladder Idoes Inot Ihold Iurine
o Incoordination Iof Isphincters
o Overactive IBladder ISyndrome I- Ioveractivity Iof Ithe Idetrusor Imuscle
▪ Patients Iget Iconstant Iinvoluntary Icontractions Iof Ithe Ibladder I- Itelling Ithem ItheirIbladder
IisIfull I- Iconstantly Ihaving Iurge Ito Iurinate
▪ These Icontractions Iare Inot Istrong Ienough Ito Iempty Ithe Ifull Ibladder
● Leads Ito Iurinary Iretention Iand Iincontinence
▪ CM:
● Frequency, Iurgency, Iand Inocturia I(urination Iat Inight)
o Urethral Istrictures I- Inarrowing Iof Ithe Iurethra IcausedIby Iscarring Ifrom
Iinfections,Isurgery, Itoo Imany ISTI’s.
▪ Seen Imore Ioften Iin Imen
● Acute ICystitis I- Iinfection Iand Iinflammation Iof Ithe Ibladder
o Most Icommon ICause: IE. IColi Ior Ia Ibacteria
o The Iinfection Icauses Iinflammation Iand Iedema Iof Ithe Ibladder Iaffecting Ithe Istretch
Ireceptors I(delivers Imessages Ito Ibrain Iwhen Iyour Ibladder Iis Ifull Iand Iyou Ineed Ito Iurinate)
, ▪ When Ithe Ibladder Ifills Iwith Ia Ismall Iamount Iof Iurine, Ithe Istretch Ireceptors Iwill Ithen Itell
ItheIb rain Iit Iis Itime Ito Igo Ito Ithe Ibathroom, Ieven Ithough Iit Iis Inot Ifull
o CM:
▪ Frequency, IUrgency, IDysuria I(pain Iduring Iurination), Ihematuria I(blood Iin Iurine), Iand Ipain
● Interstitial ICystitis I- IAKA IPainful IBladder ISyndrome
o Cause: Iunknown, Ipossibly Icaused Iby Ianother Imicroorganism Ithat’s INOT Ibacteria
o Thoughts I(but Iunknown): ISimilar Ito Ia IHypersensitivity, Ior Ian Iautoimmune
IresponseI(body Iis Iattacking Ithe Ibladder Icausing Iinflammation)
o CM: Isimilar Ito Iacute Icystitis
● Pyelonephritis I- Iinfection Iof Ithe Iureter, Irenal Ipelvis, Imedulla, Iand Icortex I- IKidney Iinfection
o Causes:
▪ Kidney Istones
▪ Reflux Iof Iurine I(urine Imoves Iup Ithe Iurinary Itract Iinstead Iof Iout)
▪ Trauma
o Acute: IMost Icommonly Iassociated Iwith Iobstructions I(kidney Istone) Ior Ireflux Iof Iurine
▪ Inflammation Iof Ikidneys, Ikidneys Iinfiltrated Iwith IWBC’s
▪ CM: Ifrequency, Iurgency, Ipain, Ifever, Iand Ichills I- I(similar Ito Ia IUTI)
o Chronic:
▪ Causes: Irecurring Iepisodes Iof Iacute, Ior Ichronic Iobstructions
▪ Inflammation I- Idestruction Iand Iscarring Iof Ithe Ikidney
▪ Patients Iwill Idevelop Ikidney Ifailure Ieventually
● Glomerulonephritis I- Iinflammation Iof ItheIglomerulus
o Causes:
▪ MOST ICOMMON I- IImmunologic IAbnormalities
▪ Drugs, Itoxins, Iinfections, Isystemic Idiseases
o Pathophysiology:
▪ 1 I- IFormation Iof Ian Iimmune Icomplex I(antigen/antibody) Iwhich Iis Ilarger Ithan Inormal
▪ 2 I- IGets Ilodged Iin Ithe Iglomerulus
▪ 3 I- ICauses Iinflammation
▪ 4 I- IInjury Iand Idamage Ito Ithe Iglomerulus
o CM:
▪ Oliguria I(decreased Iurine Ioutput)
▪ Hypertension
▪ Renal IFailure
▪ Hematuria I(blood Iin Iurine)
▪ Proteinuria I(protein Iin Ithe Iurine)
● Nephrotic ISyndrome I- Iexcretion Iof Ilarge Iamounts Iof Iprotein Iin Ithe Iurine Iper Iday
o Goes Ihand-in-hand Iwith IGlomerulonephritis
o Patients Iare Ilosing Ialbumin I(carrier Iprotein Ithat Iregulates Ithe Ifluid Ibetween Ithe Itissue) I-
ICausing Ipatients Ito Idevelop IHypoalbuminemia I(low Ilevels Iof Ialbumin Iin Ithe Iblood)
o Patients Ihave Iedema Iand Ivitamin ID Ideficiency, I and ImayInotice Ia Iprotein Ifoam Iin Itheir
urine
● Acute IKidney IInjury I- Isudden Idecline Iin Ikidney Ifunction I- Ipatients Iwill Ihave Ioliguria
o 3 Iclassifications
▪ Prerenal I-
