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Samenvatting Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

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Covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines. Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines' environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements. Coverage includes: - Engine types and their operation - Engine design and operating parameters - Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures - Properties of working fluids - Ideal models of engine cycles - Gas exchange processes - Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines - Charge motion within the cylinder - Combustion in spark-ignition engines - Combustion in compression-ignition engines - Pollutant formation and control - Engine heat transfer - Engine friction and lubrication - Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes - Engine operating characteristics

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Uploaded on
February 9, 2022
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Brandstoffen
- meestal vloeibare uit ruwe aardolie
- deel gasvormige (LPG, aardgas, …)
- klein deel alternatieve (methanol, …)

1. Vloeibare brandstoffen

1.1. Samenstelling en bereiding
raffinaderij :
1ste trap : atmosfer. distilatie
straight runs
: vacuum distillatie

2de trap : cracking zware resten
- katalytisch kraken
- thermisch kraken
● visbreaking
● coking

+ reforming

residu: ca. 15% : Residuele brandstof bevat hoge
concentraties schadelijke producten (bv S = 5%)

Samenstelling:
mengsel koolwaterstoffen met zeer verschillende
structuren en verschillende moleculaire gewichten.
Afhankelijk van de ruwe aardolie (land van herkomst),
raffinageschema en mengingen.



brandstoffen slide 1.

,1. 2. Producten van het raffinageproces

- gas : propaan (lassen, snijbranden)
butaan (huishoudelijk gebruik)
LPG (mengsel propaan en butaan)
- basisproducten voor petrochemie : (naphta, …)
- benzine (is een mengsel met ca 200 ≠ KWS)
- oplosmiddelen : (white spirit)
- kerosine : voor gasturbines en straalmotoren
- lamppetroleum
- gasoil (of mazout)
- smeeroliën : zware distillaten en residu’s uit straight run
torens → naar speciale smeerolieraffinaderij
- paraffinen : (kaarsvet, …)
- diesel fuels : (zware) brandstoffen voor grote diesels
- stookoliën : ( ″ ) ″ ″ ″ ketels
- asfalt en teer : zwaarste residu’s (wegbedekking)




brandstoffen slide 2.

, 1.3. Karakteristieken vloeibare brandstoffen

a) Voertuigbenzine
kooktraject : 30 °C → 200 °C
loodvrije benzine : zie tabel 1

- ρ ≈ 0,75 kg/l
- RON = 90 - 95 - 98
- Pb gehalte < 0.013 g/liter
- samenstelling : mengsel
- additieven : ijs, gom, deterg, …


Eigenschappen Eenheid Benzine
Dichtheid [kg/m3] 730 - 780
Ontstekingsgrenzen in lucht [Vol-%] 1- 7.6
Minimale ontstekingsenergie [mJ] 0.24
Zelfontstekingtemperatuur [°C] > 350
Laminaire vlamsnelheid bij λ =1 [m/s] 0.4 - 0.8
3
Dichtheid van stoichiometrisch [kg/m ] 1.42
mengsel ρG
Stoichiometrische luchtbehoefte LS [-] 14.7
Onderste verbrandingswaarde HU [MJ/kg] 43.5

Tabel 1: Eigenschappen van benzine




brandstoffen slide 3.
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