Akinyi Lester
Grade 11 C2
History – NOTES T3
CIVIL SOCIETY AND PROTEST
KEY CONCEPTS
SCLC NAACP
Southern Christian Leadership Conference The NAACP or National Association for
(SCLC), non-sectarian American agency with the Advancement of Coloured People was
headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, established in 1909 and is America’s
established by the Reverend Martin Luther oldest and largest civil rights organization.
King, Jr., and other civil rights activists in It was formed in New York City by white
1957 to coordinate and assist local and black activists, partially in response to
organizations working for the full equality the ongoing violence against African
of African Americans in all aspects of Americans around the country. In the
American life. The organization operated NAACP’s early decades, its anti-lynching
primarily in the South and some border campaign was central to its agenda.
states, conducting leadership-training During the civil rights era in the 1950s and
programs, citizen-education projects, and 1960s, the group won major legal victories
voter-registration drives. The SCLC played a
major part in the civil rights march on Pioneering civil-rights attorney Thurgood
Washington, D.C., in 1963 and in notable Marshall, the head of the NAACP,
antidiscrimination and voter-registration successfully argued the case before the
efforts in Albany, Georgia, court. Marshall, who founded the LDF in
and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, in the 1940, won a number of other important
early 1960s—campaigns that spurred civil rights cases involving issues such as
passage of the federal Civil Rights voting rights and discriminatory housing
Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of practices. In 1967, he became the first
1965. African American to serve as a Supreme
Court justice.
CORE SNNC
CORE was founded by a group of white and grew out of student sit-ins at lunch counters
black students on the campus of the that had begun in February 1960 in
University of Chicago in 1942. Its founders Greensboro, North Carolina.
drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi’s
practice of nonviolent civil the SNCC, or Student Non-Violent Coordinating
disobedience. CORE sent some of its Committee, was a civil-rights group formed to
members to help in the Montgomery Bus give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil
Boycott, and supported student sit-ins at rights movement. held concerns that SCLC, led
lunch counters across the South. by Martin Luther King Jr., was out of touch with
younger blacks who wanted the movement to
make faster progress
MILITANT ACTIVISTS
vigorously active and aggressive, especially civil rights activist. A leader of the political
in support of a cause: militant reformers. movement dedicated to securing equal
engaged in warfare; fighting. opportunity for members of minority groups.
, DISCRIMINATION
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favour of or against, a person or thing
based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on
individual merit: racial and religious intolerance and discrimination.
NONVIOLENT PROTEST MARTIN LUTHER KING
Nonviolent protest and Martin Luther King, Jr. was a social activist and
persuasion are “symbolic acts Baptist minister who played a key role in the
of peaceful opposition” often used to American civil rights movement from the mid-
denounce or show dissent toward a specific 1950s
issue or policy
IDEOLOGY ROSA PARKS
An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial
a group or an individual. Very equality when she refused to give up her bus
often ideology refers to a set of political seat to a white man in Montgomery,
beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a Alabama. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955
particular culture. Capitalism, communism, launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by
socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. 17,000 black citizens.
RADICAL WHITE SUPREMACY
Radical politics denotes the intent to the belief that white people constitute a
transform or replace the fundamental superior race and should therefore dominate
principles of a society or political system, society, typically to the exclusion or detriment
often through social change, structural of other racial and ethnic groups
change, revolution or radical reform.
JIM CROW
Jim Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South until
the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Jim Crow was the name of a minstrel routine. In
its Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal”
facilities for African Americans did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, ignoring evidence
that the facilities for Black people were inferior to those intended for whites.
From the late 1870s Southern U.S. state legislatures passed laws requiring the separation of
whites from “persons of colour” in public transportation and schools. Segregation was
extended to parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an attempt to prevent any contact
between Blacks and whites as equals.
Although the U.S. Constitution forbade outright racial discrimination, every state of the former
Confederacy moved to disfranchise African Americans by imposing biased reading
requirements, stringent property qualifications, or complex poll taxes.
In the U.S. South, Jim Crow laws and legal racial segregation in public facilities existed from the
late 19th century into the 1950s. The civil rights movement was initiated by Black Southerners
in the 1950s and ’60s to break the prevailing pattern of segregation
Grade 11 C2
History – NOTES T3
CIVIL SOCIETY AND PROTEST
KEY CONCEPTS
SCLC NAACP
Southern Christian Leadership Conference The NAACP or National Association for
(SCLC), non-sectarian American agency with the Advancement of Coloured People was
headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, established in 1909 and is America’s
established by the Reverend Martin Luther oldest and largest civil rights organization.
King, Jr., and other civil rights activists in It was formed in New York City by white
1957 to coordinate and assist local and black activists, partially in response to
organizations working for the full equality the ongoing violence against African
of African Americans in all aspects of Americans around the country. In the
American life. The organization operated NAACP’s early decades, its anti-lynching
primarily in the South and some border campaign was central to its agenda.
states, conducting leadership-training During the civil rights era in the 1950s and
programs, citizen-education projects, and 1960s, the group won major legal victories
voter-registration drives. The SCLC played a
major part in the civil rights march on Pioneering civil-rights attorney Thurgood
Washington, D.C., in 1963 and in notable Marshall, the head of the NAACP,
antidiscrimination and voter-registration successfully argued the case before the
efforts in Albany, Georgia, court. Marshall, who founded the LDF in
and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, in the 1940, won a number of other important
early 1960s—campaigns that spurred civil rights cases involving issues such as
passage of the federal Civil Rights voting rights and discriminatory housing
Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of practices. In 1967, he became the first
1965. African American to serve as a Supreme
Court justice.
CORE SNNC
CORE was founded by a group of white and grew out of student sit-ins at lunch counters
black students on the campus of the that had begun in February 1960 in
University of Chicago in 1942. Its founders Greensboro, North Carolina.
drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi’s
practice of nonviolent civil the SNCC, or Student Non-Violent Coordinating
disobedience. CORE sent some of its Committee, was a civil-rights group formed to
members to help in the Montgomery Bus give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil
Boycott, and supported student sit-ins at rights movement. held concerns that SCLC, led
lunch counters across the South. by Martin Luther King Jr., was out of touch with
younger blacks who wanted the movement to
make faster progress
MILITANT ACTIVISTS
vigorously active and aggressive, especially civil rights activist. A leader of the political
in support of a cause: militant reformers. movement dedicated to securing equal
engaged in warfare; fighting. opportunity for members of minority groups.
, DISCRIMINATION
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favour of or against, a person or thing
based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on
individual merit: racial and religious intolerance and discrimination.
NONVIOLENT PROTEST MARTIN LUTHER KING
Nonviolent protest and Martin Luther King, Jr. was a social activist and
persuasion are “symbolic acts Baptist minister who played a key role in the
of peaceful opposition” often used to American civil rights movement from the mid-
denounce or show dissent toward a specific 1950s
issue or policy
IDEOLOGY ROSA PARKS
An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial
a group or an individual. Very equality when she refused to give up her bus
often ideology refers to a set of political seat to a white man in Montgomery,
beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a Alabama. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955
particular culture. Capitalism, communism, launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by
socialism, and Marxism are ideologies. 17,000 black citizens.
RADICAL WHITE SUPREMACY
Radical politics denotes the intent to the belief that white people constitute a
transform or replace the fundamental superior race and should therefore dominate
principles of a society or political system, society, typically to the exclusion or detriment
often through social change, structural of other racial and ethnic groups
change, revolution or radical reform.
JIM CROW
Jim Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South until
the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Jim Crow was the name of a minstrel routine. In
its Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal”
facilities for African Americans did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, ignoring evidence
that the facilities for Black people were inferior to those intended for whites.
From the late 1870s Southern U.S. state legislatures passed laws requiring the separation of
whites from “persons of colour” in public transportation and schools. Segregation was
extended to parks, cemeteries, theatres, and restaurants in an attempt to prevent any contact
between Blacks and whites as equals.
Although the U.S. Constitution forbade outright racial discrimination, every state of the former
Confederacy moved to disfranchise African Americans by imposing biased reading
requirements, stringent property qualifications, or complex poll taxes.
In the U.S. South, Jim Crow laws and legal racial segregation in public facilities existed from the
late 19th century into the 1950s. The civil rights movement was initiated by Black Southerners
in the 1950s and ’60s to break the prevailing pattern of segregation
