Instrumentele Analyse 2: spectrofotometrie
Inhoud
Week 7: UV/VIS-Spectrofotometrie.......................................................................................................3
Principe...............................................................................................................................................3
Elektromagnetische straling:..........................................................................................................3
Absorptie van licht:.........................................................................................................................3
Absorptie en emissie......................................................................................................................4
Wet van Lambert-Beer...................................................................................................................4
Extinctiecurve.................................................................................................................................5
Zichtbaar licht.....................................................................................................................................5
Opbouw Spectrofotometer................................................................................................................6
Blokschema spectrofotometer.......................................................................................................6
Cuvetten.........................................................................................................................................6
Enkelstraalspectrofotometer..........................................................................................................7
Dubbelstraalspectrofotometer.......................................................................................................7
Meerkanaalsspectrofotometer.......................................................................................................7
Limitaties aan de wet van L-B.............................................................................................................8
Fundamentele tekortkomingen......................................................................................................8
Instrumentele tekortkomingen......................................................................................................8
Chemische tekortkomingen............................................................................................................9
Nauwkeurigheid.................................................................................................................................9
Systematische fouten.....................................................................................................................9
Toevallige meetfouten....................................................................................................................9
Onnauwkeurigheden in de kalibratielijn.......................................................................................10
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................10
Week8: Fluorimetrie.............................................................................................................................11
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................11
Alledaagse toepassingen..............................................................................................................11
Terminologie.................................................................................................................................11
Fluorescentie van een atoom.......................................................................................................11
Fluorescentie van een molecule...................................................................................................11
Metingen..........................................................................................................................................12
Enkele fluorescentie moleculen....................................................................................................12
Indirecte fluorescente analyses....................................................................................................13
Absorptie en emissie....................................................................................................................13
, Fluorimetrie......................................................................................................................................13
Fluor. vs spectrof..........................................................................................................................13
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................13
Analytische werkwijze..................................................................................................................13
Quenchers....................................................................................................................................14
Vergelijking met UV/VIS-spectrofotometrie.................................................................................14
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................14
Week8: Nefelometrie...........................................................................................................................14
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................14
Turbidimetrie vs. nefelometrie.........................................................................................................14
Turbidimetrie................................................................................................................................14
Nefelometrie................................................................................................................................15
Golflengtekeuze............................................................................................................................15
Vergelijking...................................................................................................................................15
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................15
Industriële toepassingen..............................................................................................................15
Klinische toepassingen..................................................................................................................16
Week 9: AAS.........................................................................................................................................17
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................17
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................17
Atomaire absorptiespectrofotometrie.........................................................................................17
Monster........................................................................................................................................17
Opstelling..........................................................................................................................................17
Blokschema......................................................................................................................................18
Verstuiver.....................................................................................................................................18
Vlam..............................................................................................................................................18
Holle kathodelamp (HCL)..............................................................................................................18
Elektrodeloze ontladingslamp (EDL).............................................................................................18
Monochromator...........................................................................................................................18
Detector en signaalverwerking.....................................................................................................19
Metingen: ijklijn................................................................................................................................19
Interferenties....................................................................................................................................19
Matrixinterferentie (NS)...............................................................................................................20
Chemische interferentie (NS)........................................................................................................20
Ionisatie-interferentie (NS)...........................................................................................................20
Spectrale interferentie (SP)..........................................................................................................20
2
, Achtergrondabsorptie(SP)............................................................................................................20
Emissie-interferentie(SP)..............................................................................................................20
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................20
Week 10: AES........................................................................................................................................21
Atomaire van Spectrofotometrie......................................................................................................21
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................21
Definitie........................................................................................................................................21
Atomaire emissiespectrofotometrie.............................................................................................21
Toestel..............................................................................................................................................22
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................22
Vlamemissie..................................................................................................................................22
Vlam..............................................................................................................................................23
Invloed temperatuur....................................................................................................................23
Kwantificatie.................................................................................................................................23
Interferenties....................................................................................................................................23
Matrix-, chemische en ionisatie-interferentie..............................................................................24
Zelfabsorptie.................................................................................................................................24
Achtergrondemissie......................................................................................................................24
Spectrale interferentie..................................................................................................................24
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................24
Vergelijking AES met AAS.................................................................................................................24
Week 11: Zelfstudiepakket ICP-OES.....................................................................................................25
2
Inhoud
Week 7: UV/VIS-Spectrofotometrie.......................................................................................................3
Principe...............................................................................................................................................3
Elektromagnetische straling:..........................................................................................................3
Absorptie van licht:.........................................................................................................................3
Absorptie en emissie......................................................................................................................4
Wet van Lambert-Beer...................................................................................................................4
Extinctiecurve.................................................................................................................................5
Zichtbaar licht.....................................................................................................................................5
Opbouw Spectrofotometer................................................................................................................6
Blokschema spectrofotometer.......................................................................................................6
Cuvetten.........................................................................................................................................6
Enkelstraalspectrofotometer..........................................................................................................7
Dubbelstraalspectrofotometer.......................................................................................................7
Meerkanaalsspectrofotometer.......................................................................................................7
Limitaties aan de wet van L-B.............................................................................................................8
Fundamentele tekortkomingen......................................................................................................8
Instrumentele tekortkomingen......................................................................................................8
Chemische tekortkomingen............................................................................................................9
Nauwkeurigheid.................................................................................................................................9
Systematische fouten.....................................................................................................................9
Toevallige meetfouten....................................................................................................................9
Onnauwkeurigheden in de kalibratielijn.......................................................................................10
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................10
Week8: Fluorimetrie.............................................................................................................................11
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................11
Alledaagse toepassingen..............................................................................................................11
Terminologie.................................................................................................................................11
Fluorescentie van een atoom.......................................................................................................11
Fluorescentie van een molecule...................................................................................................11
Metingen..........................................................................................................................................12
Enkele fluorescentie moleculen....................................................................................................12
Indirecte fluorescente analyses....................................................................................................13
Absorptie en emissie....................................................................................................................13
, Fluorimetrie......................................................................................................................................13
Fluor. vs spectrof..........................................................................................................................13
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................13
Analytische werkwijze..................................................................................................................13
Quenchers....................................................................................................................................14
Vergelijking met UV/VIS-spectrofotometrie.................................................................................14
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................14
Week8: Nefelometrie...........................................................................................................................14
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................14
Turbidimetrie vs. nefelometrie.........................................................................................................14
Turbidimetrie................................................................................................................................14
Nefelometrie................................................................................................................................15
Golflengtekeuze............................................................................................................................15
Vergelijking...................................................................................................................................15
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................15
Industriële toepassingen..............................................................................................................15
Klinische toepassingen..................................................................................................................16
Week 9: AAS.........................................................................................................................................17
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................17
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................17
Atomaire absorptiespectrofotometrie.........................................................................................17
Monster........................................................................................................................................17
Opstelling..........................................................................................................................................17
Blokschema......................................................................................................................................18
Verstuiver.....................................................................................................................................18
Vlam..............................................................................................................................................18
Holle kathodelamp (HCL)..............................................................................................................18
Elektrodeloze ontladingslamp (EDL).............................................................................................18
Monochromator...........................................................................................................................18
Detector en signaalverwerking.....................................................................................................19
Metingen: ijklijn................................................................................................................................19
Interferenties....................................................................................................................................19
Matrixinterferentie (NS)...............................................................................................................20
Chemische interferentie (NS)........................................................................................................20
Ionisatie-interferentie (NS)...........................................................................................................20
Spectrale interferentie (SP)..........................................................................................................20
2
, Achtergrondabsorptie(SP)............................................................................................................20
Emissie-interferentie(SP)..............................................................................................................20
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................20
Week 10: AES........................................................................................................................................21
Atomaire van Spectrofotometrie......................................................................................................21
Theorie.............................................................................................................................................21
Definitie........................................................................................................................................21
Atomaire emissiespectrofotometrie.............................................................................................21
Toestel..............................................................................................................................................22
Blokschema...................................................................................................................................22
Vlamemissie..................................................................................................................................22
Vlam..............................................................................................................................................23
Invloed temperatuur....................................................................................................................23
Kwantificatie.................................................................................................................................23
Interferenties....................................................................................................................................23
Matrix-, chemische en ionisatie-interferentie..............................................................................24
Zelfabsorptie.................................................................................................................................24
Achtergrondemissie......................................................................................................................24
Spectrale interferentie..................................................................................................................24
Toepassingen....................................................................................................................................24
Vergelijking AES met AAS.................................................................................................................24
Week 11: Zelfstudiepakket ICP-OES.....................................................................................................25
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