ETHICS - PHL 205 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2021&2022 GRADED A

ETHICS - PHL 205 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2021&2022 GRADED A Social Contract Theory Correct answer- The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence. Describe how Social Contract Theory is a constructive proceduralist approach to ethics AND how it differs from an approach that begins with certain and deeply held moral judgments. Which approach to ethics to you favor and why? Correct answer- Proceduralism is setting up a method to distinguish wrong from wrong, thereby justice id done when guilty people are punished. Proceduralism is an epistemic problem " trying to determine guilt. InSocial contract Theory there are 2 types of procedularism: Discovery and Constructivist. Discovery proceduralism is like the principle of universalizability, rule consequentialism and the golden rule as it is set-up to deliver and reveal to us the moral truth. Constructivist proceduralism is social contractarianism, a conditional cooperation. We do not "discover" moral truths, human produce natural agreements to make things moral, thereby building morality. I'm partial to Contructivist proceduralism due to the fact that "abiding by the "golden rule" seems unreasonable and out of touch (disconnected) with how the real world works. It is up to US to come together (unite) and by own OWN admission CHOOSE to make/construct our lives what they are, and all that they can be. I believe that the discovery proceduralist approach is takes my individual power away from me and is just too whimsical and unrealistic for me to abide by. Describe in detail a prisoner's dilemma situation. Explain what makes the situation a dilemma. How does contractarianism attempt to offer a solution to prisoner's dilemma situations? Correct answer- A prisoner's dilemma is a type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one's self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated. Defect or cooperate? No matter what the other person does (as you cannot control they actions) you're better off to defect to yield the most optimific results for yourself. A hypothetical imperative: a choice is rational if it gets you the most of what you what (you are an ethical egoist. Even if you are Mother Theresa, you are still acting to get the most of what you want - to get the good for everyone. Define contractarianism AND explain how contractarianism seek to justify moral rules. Do you find contractarianism an attractive moral theory? Why or not? Correct answer- In Hobbes view: WE should obey laws of our government for the same reason that parties to a contract should follow the terms of their contract". The major difference is that the citizens agreement with the states is more tacit (implied or indicated) then explicit (Fully developed or formulated) John Rawls, principles of justice can be generated from an idealized contract that members of a society would agree to in hypothetical conditions that ensure fair and unbiased choices... involves the veil of ignorance. I do find contractariansism an attractive moral theory based solely on how it goes forward to explain the objectivity of Morality. Contractarians don't have to picture moral rules as eternally true. The moral rules are outcomes of rational choice, tailored to specifics of HUMAN NATURE What did Hobbes mean by the State of Nature? Correct answer- Hypothetical conditions assumed to exist before society, in the absence of government where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality as "psychological egosits." CHAOS! The state of nature also constitutes a coalition of criminals wherein few people rise to the top and each individual is acting to promote their own self-interests. It is seen as a war against all, self-defeating and not in an efficient way. The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws. What did Hobbes imagine life would be like in the state of nature? Correct answer- → Hobbes: State of Nature was inhospitable - eternal conflict, barbaric, and fear. " 'The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.' " How did Hobbes suggest that that people could get out of such a state of nature? Correct answer- Hobbes people could escape from the state of nature with 2 things: icial rules that require cooperation and punish betrayal 2. An ENFORCER who ensures that these rules are obeyed. These rules are the RULES of the social contract. THey require us to give up the freedom to attack and kill others and take whatever we can from them. IN exchange for giving up these freedoms, we are are awarded the peace and stability of a well-ordered society per the promise of the social contract. Describe the relationship between self-interest and morality in contractarianism? Correct answer- We build morality out of the pursuit of self-interest, in most situation, we DO better when we are MORAL! What role does self-interest play in determining which moral standards are correct, according to contractarianism? Correct answer- The role of rational "self-interest" in morality (why be moral) aims to show that it is rational to be moral. Irrationality implies irrationality (Kant). Morality is instrumental in your own self-interest, a normative force. Do contractarians think that it is always in our self-interest to behave morally? Why or why not? Correct answer- It is always in our self-interest, if we are abiding the mutually agreed about social contract, wherein the moral norms are determined by the maximization of joint interest and to consent to governmental authority. Contractarianism argues that we each are motivated to accept morality. From the Kantian line of social contract thought, holds that rationality requires that we respect persons, which in turn requires that moral principles be such that they can be justified to each person. Thus, individuals are not taken to be motivated by self-interest but rather by a commitment to publicly justify the standards of morality to which each will be held. Have we all consented to abide by a social contract? If so, how? If not, is this a problem for contractarianism? Defend your answer. Correct answer- By tacit consent, which is expressed through our silence and lack of opposition to the government, we thereby have ALL consented to abide by a social contract! This is a problem for social contract theory because there is NOTHING that has actually been signed, if something indeed has been signed - show me the "contract." This makes the theory not viable especially in regards to those parties WHO do CHOOSE to speak out against the social contracts that are put into place. It is these parties that will be stripped of their individual place within the society - making them adhere to the contract(s), despite it NOT BEING in their self-interest to do so. Can contractarianism account for the moral status of human infants and non-human animals? Explain why some people think this is a problem for contractarianisn.