NR 602 WEEK 2 GRAND ROUND- ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

NR 602 WEEK 2 GRAND ROUND- ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS Hello, my name is Amie Seitz this presentation on ADD/ADHD and is given for the NR 602 July 2019 session. This presentation will review the disease and its background; including Incidence, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and the clinical practice guideline, or CPG. What is ADD and ADHD? ADD or Attention Deficit Disorder is an inability to focus both is social situations, schoolwork, and even in everyday tasks like personal hygiene. Similarly, ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder this is a behavioral, emotional, and developmental condition that also effects social interaction and schoolwork but has the added component of hyperactivity (Brown et al., 2017). ADHD is considered a heterogeneous disease, therefore making treatment a challenge (Albrecht, Sandersleben, Gevensleben, & Rothenberger, 2015). Often the most significant difference between ADD and ADHD is that ADHD kids are described as being driven like a motor. Other common signs and symptoms of ADHD may include inattention, persistent patterns of poor concentration, poor executive function, trouble starting and finishing tasks, overactivity, and impulsivity (Ahmann, 2017; Albrecht, Sandersleben, Gevensleben, & Rothenberger, 2015; Silbert-Flagg & Sloand, 2017). Many of the signs and symptoms of ADD/ADHD will follow these children into adulthood. Patho – There are many theories about the cause of ADD and ADHD, however, the etiology is not well understood at this time. The prevailing theory is a dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex in regards to the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine (Hollier, 2016). These two neurotransmitters aid in impulsivity, mood, reward, and risk-taking (Albrecht, Sandersleben, Gevensleben, & Rothenberger, 2015). Several genes play roles that affect the development of many of the symptoms associated with ADHD. It is believed that Dopamine D2, D4, and D5 receptor genes, Serotonin transporter genes Serotonin 1 B receptor gene, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene, synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa, and Glutamate receptors Research shows that a child is two to eight time more likely to develop ADD or ADHD is there is a first degree relative with the condition (Felt, Biermann, Christner, Kochhar, & Harrison, 2014). The use of MRI studies show that the brain structures that may be involved in the association of ADHD are the frontal and prefrontal region along with the parietal lobe and the cerebellum (Albrecht, Sandersleben, Gevensleben, & Rothenberger, 2015). There are also some environmental factors that can be associated with the increased diagnosis. These factors include high degrees of psychosocial stress, low socioeconomic status, maternal mental disorders, motor and sensory influences, psychosocial, behavioral, genetic, biochemical, and physiologic influences (Hollier, 2016). Dietary influences can effect hyperactivity and