Sophia Ancient Greek Philosophers –

Sophia Ancient Greek Philosophers – Unit 1: "How do I know if I have knowledge on a topic, or merely opinion?" This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy? Epistemology “Albert Einstein is credited for the Theory of Relativity, but what kind of thing is a theory?" This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy? Metaphysics "Is it wrong to lie to prevent an innocent person from going to jail?" This question would be best answered by which branch of Philosophy? Ethics Which of the following is a primary benefit of studying philosophy? Philosophical concepts of just and fair government are the basis of many of the rights and freedoms enjoyed in the United States today. Which of the following is a primary benefit of studying philosophy? Adopting the philosophical mindset and seeking justification for beliefs has led to scientific progress and innovation. Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of studying philosophy? Philosophy can be used to discredit those whose answers to society's questions are wrong. "I assert that the stars in the sky are not gods. As for the universe, before it existed it was an undefined mixture lacking form or definition." This statement most closely represents the views of which ancient philosopher? Anaxagoras "Nature is but a reflection of mathematics, a series of patterns and numbers." This statement most closely represents the views of which ancient philosopher? Pythagoras "While I do not deny that a god or gods exist, we must search for natural explanations of phenomena, rather than crediting phenomena to the gods." Which ancient philosopher made this view central to his philosophy? Xenophanes Select the statement that reflects a central theme of the Atomists. Atomists would agree that a butterfly and a caterpillar exist as a collection of atoms, but their atoms are organized differently. Select the statement that reflects a central belief of the Atomists. Atomists would argue that a duck is a duck because of the unique way its atoms are configured. Select the statement that reflects a central theme of the Atomists. Atomists believe that all things exist as an indivisible physical entity, or a collection of indivisible physical entities. Select the statement that is true of Parmenides' metaphysics. Any change we observe in the universe is merely an illusion. Select the statement that best aligns with the themes presented in Parmenides' metaphysics. The world of reality and the world of appearances contradict one another. Select the statement that reflects a central idea of Parmenides' metaphysics. The universe is one unchanging entity. With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree? The Logos unifies and organizes all things in the cosmos. With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree? The true reality is that all things are in a constant state of change. With which statement about metaphysics would Heraclitus have been most likely to agree? Over time, qualities within us change into their opposites. Unit 2: Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics. He had a primary interest in determining what is morally right. Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics. He had an interest in studying what separates knowledge from opinion. Select the statement that distinguishes Socrates' philosophical approach from that of the Pre-Socratics. His main focus was questions, including "what makes a life worth living?" Select the statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method that is FALSE. Its goal is memorization of important information. Select the statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method that is FALSE. It is used to improve rhetorical skills, which are helpful in winning arguments. Select the TRUE statement about the philosophical value of the Socratic Method. It is an instructional method that helps students to pursue wisdom. Kate always walks to work when it is above 50 degrees outside. Today it is above 50 degrees. Therefore, Kate will walk to work. The portion of the preceding argument that is underlined is the . inferential claim Bob eats in the morning or the evening. He didn't eat in the morning. So, he eats in the evening. The portion of the preceding argument that is underlined is the . Conclusion Marnie always wears either a grey, black, or tan shirt. She didn't wear a grey shirt today. She didn't wear a black shirt today. Therefore, her shirt was tan. Which part of the argument is NOT a factual claim? Therefore, her shirt was tan. Select the statement that is true of inductive arguments. Inductive arguments never intend logical certainty, only probability. Select the statement that is true of deductive arguments. Inferences rely on definition and form. Select the statement that is true of inductive arguments. Inferences rely on cause and effect. All teachers are female. Kate is a teacher. Therefore, Kate is female. Evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it. deductive, valid, unsound Humans have used horses for transportation for millions of years. Therefore, they will use horses for transportation next year. Evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it. inductive, strong, uncogent My bus has been late every day for the last three weeks. Therefore, it will be late today. Assuming the premise to be true, evaluate the argument and select the answer option that describes it. inductive, strong, cogent Select the true statement about the "Apology." The "Apology" reveals that Socrates was unpopular among the Athenians as a result of his pursuit of wisdom. Select the true statement about the "Apology." In the "Apology," Socrates argues that living a philosophical life is important above all else. Select the FALSE statement about the "Apology." In the "Apology," Socrates argues that death is never a justifiable sentence for crimes because mortals should not act as gods. Consider the following passage: "It seems as if everyone enjoys arguing about capital punishment, but few research the issue before taking a position. If they did, they would learn that study after study demonstrates that capital punishment does not reduce the rate of violent crime. When planning to commit a capital offense, many offenders don't distinguish between a life sentence and execution after years of incarceration, and few of them believe they will be caught. Furthermore, capital punishment does not save money. Due to legal fees and costs associated with the construction and operation of special prison wings, it costs $2-3 million more (depending on the state involved) to execute someone, than it does to imprison them for life. People disagree about whether capital punishment is murder, or fails to respect the value of human life, but since it doesn't reduce crime, and increases costs, capital punishment is impractical. However, it seems that some people would rather make unfounded assumptions, and disregard the cost of those assumptions to the taxpayers." Which of the following answer choices best summarizes the main argument of the passage? Capital punishment does not reduce crime. Capital punishment costs more than the alternative. Therefore, capital punishment is an impractical punishment. Select the statement that does NOT represent one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito." When considering what is just and fair, the opinion of the majority should be the final decision. Select the statement that represents one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito." When considering a complicated subject, it is wiser to follow the advice of experts than to appeal to the majority. Select the statement that represents one of the main points made by Socrates in the "Crito." Because Athens has provided benefits to Socrates, he must accept the punishment given to him. Which statement best describes Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?" Death is nothing more than the separation of the body from the soul. Which statement does NOT represent Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?" The loss of the body and senses is the most difficult aspect of death for a philosopher. Which statement best describes Socrates' beliefs about death, as they are expressed in the "Phaedo?" Socrates argues that the philosopher will be judged by wise judges after death. Therefore, he or she should not fear death itself. Unit 3: Select the option that accurately completes the statement below. Being a bodybuilder is a condition for being strong. sufficient, not necessary necessary, not sufficient Select the option that accurately completes the statement below. Being a genius is a condition for being a college student. neither necessary nor sufficient Select the statement that does NOT represent a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms. An essence is a physical entity that is the building block of every object in the universe. Select the statement that does NOT represent a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms. Having an opinion about something assumes that you also have knowledge about that thing. Select the statement that represents a central epistemological tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms. Knowledge differs from opinion because knowledge requires one to be able to justify his or her beliefs. The Form of Humanity exists independently, regardless of the existence of human beings. Select the statement that represents a central metaphysical tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms. Individual objects participate in the Form of those objects Select the statement that does NOT represent a central metaphysical tenet of Plato's doctrine of the Forms. The world of the senses is unchanging, but Platonic Heaven is in constant flux. Charlie owns a small, skinny dog named Spot that bystanders often mistake for a cat. According to Plato, what causes Charlie's dog Spot to be a dog and not a cat? The Form of Dog is the reason Spot exists as a dog. Kara is a political activist who protests against animal cruelty by boycotting products that are tested on animals. According to Plato, what determines whether Kara's act is just? The essence of justice determines whether or not the act is just. Harper is a philosophy major who is debating with her roommates about the nature of humanity. According to Plato, what makes Harper a human being, and not something else? Harper participates in the Form of Human. Which of the following is a way in which Plato has impacted history and society? His work drew distinctions between important endeavors, including philosophy, and empty pursuits, including rhetoric. All of the following are ways in which Plato has impacted history and society EXCEPT ? He advanced theoretical mathematics by proving that mathematical objects are theoretical objects, rather than real objects. Which of the following is a way in which Plato has impacted history and society? He taught Aristotle and started the Academy, a center of learning in ancient Athens. Select the statement that correctly distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches. Plato took a mathematical approach to philosophy. Aristotle was more interested in the sciences, particularly biology and physics. Select the statement that correctly distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches. Aristotle believed that inquiry begins with the world experienced through the senses. Plato believed that inquiry begins in the metaphysical realm. Select the statement that best distinguishes Plato and Aristotle from one another in terms of their philosophical approaches. Aristotle would say that if you wanted to learn the essence of a tree, you should study a tree. Plato would say that you should study the Form of a tree. Bob was about to fall asleep in his philosophy class when, suddenly, the instructor held up a spoon and challenged the class to find its essence. According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a spoon? It is a kitchen utensil for serving and eating liquids. Billie is investigating philosophical arguments used in a recent animal rights case involving the treatment of cattle in a feedlot. According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a cow? The essence of a cow is composed of a genus and a differentia. Bridget teaches a dog training class at her local animal shelter. She wants to provide the dog owners with some philosophical inspiration. According to Aristotle's metaphysics and ontology, what is true about the essence of a dog? The essence of dog can only exist in actual dogs and nowhere else. There are many similarities and differences between Platonic and Aristotelian metaphysics. Select the statement about metaphysics with which only Aristotle would agree. "To learn the essence of flowers, we must examine individual flowers and identify their essential features." There are many similarities and differences between Platonic and Aristotelian metaphysics. Select the statement regarding metaphysics with which both Plato and Aristotle would agree. "Reasoning and logic are the ways in which we can obtain the truth." There are many similarities and differences between Platonic and Aristotelian metaphysics. Select the statement about metaphysics with which both Plato and Aristotle would agree. "I can only know the truth about justice if I understand the essence of justice." UNIT 4: Which of the following is a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society? He established a standard of inquiry for scientists that excludes non-natural explanations for natural phenomena. Which of the following is NOT a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society? He was the first to explore the philosophical branch of cosmology, in an effort to identify the laws of the universe. Which of the following is a way in which Aristotle impacted history and society? He formalized the study of logic, and established precise rules to determine the validity of an argument. Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics. It is most important to determine what kind of person one should be. Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics. The virtuous man will nurture rational honestly. Select the statement that represents a central tenet of Aristotle's ethics. Human beings are rational creatures, so a good human is one who excels at being rational. Mary has a hot temper. The smallest disagreements send her into a rage. According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, which of the following actions would help Mary to behave more virtuously? Mary should practice patience and good humor. According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, in which of the following scenarios does Harry behave most virtuously? Harry gives part of his bonus to a homeless shelter, but keeps enough to buy his children holiday gifts and pay some of his debts. Casey is nervous about his upcoming camping trip because he's afraid of spiders. According to Aristotle's ethical tenets, what should Casey do to deal with his fear of spiders? Casey should learn to remain calm in the presence of spiders. Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome. Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism. Dan carries out the orders of his commanding officer without allowing his emotions to interfere. Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome. Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism. Shara decides that she will no longer get angry when customers fail to tip her. Stoicism was a school of philosophy that flourished in ancient Rome. Select the example that represents one of the central tenets of Stoicism. Mary realizes that the weather on her wedding day is out of her control, so she decides not to worry about it. Anna believes that it is morally wrong to cheat under any circumstances. All of the following statements describe Anna living philosophically EXCEPT ? Anna realizes that the cashier charged her the wrong amount, but doesn't say anything since it wasn't her mistake. Barbara believes that committing violence against another human being is morally and ethically wrong. All of the following statements describe Barbara living philosophically EXCEPT ? ”It's acceptable to fight back as long as you're not the one who throws the first punch." Ben believes that people have a moral obligation to support local businesses. All of the following statements describe Ben living philosophically EXCEPT ? When the local bookstore doesn't have a book that he wants in stock, Ben orders it from an online retailer rather than wait for the store to receive a copy.