Antiviral Agents for the Treatment Test Bank; antivirals questions,answers explained.

Question 1: (see full question) For which of the following patients would treatment with acyclovir be most clearly indicated? A man who contracted hepatitis A virus (HAV) while on a tropical vacation A 77-year-old whose recent debilitating pain has been attributed to a herpes zoster infection Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpesviruses, including HSV, herpes zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and CMV; it is not effective against hepatitis or RSV. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 143-144. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Question 2: (see full question) A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with HIV. The client wants to know when they will be started on medication for their disease. What would be the nurse’s best response? if the client is diagnosed with HIV-associated liver disease if the client has a CD4 T-cell count less than 350 cells/mm3 The current guideline is to initiate treatment if the client develops an AIDS-defining illness or has a CD4 T-cell count less than 350 cells/mm3. Antiretroviral drug therapy is also ... (more) Question 3: (see full question) A patient with AIDS is being prepared for discharge. The nurse caring for the patient with AIDS knows the patient receives Agenerase. What dietary counseling will the nurse provide based upon the patient’s medication regimen? Limit sodium intake to 2 grams per day. Avoid high-fat meals while taking this medication Patients taking the protease inhibitor Amprenavir (APV) or Agenerase should be advised to avoid high-fat meals. High-fat meals decrease the blood concentration of this drug by 21%. ... (more) Question 4: (see full question) Which statement reflects the treatment of HIV infection? Treatment should be offered to only selected clients once they reach CDC category B - HIV symptomatic Treatment of HIV infection for an individual client is based on the clinical condition of the client, CD4 T cell count level, and HIV RNA (viral load). Although specific therapies vary, treatment of HIV infection for an individual client is based on three factors: the clinical condition of the client, CD4 T cell count level, and H ... (more) Question 5: (see full question) A nurse is caring for a client who is taking acyclovir. What is likely to be a priority nursing diagnoses for this client? Imbalanced Nutrition: More than body requirements related to drug adverse effects Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements related to drug adverse effects Common adverse effects of acyclovir and other antiviral drugs include anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, all of which can interfere with the ckient's nutritional intake. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 144-145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 150. Question 6: (see full question) An elderly patient is admitted to the medical floor with a fever, cough, sore throat, and stuffy nose. What virus should the nurse suspect this patient to have? Influenza Influenza is commonly called the "flu" and is an acute respiratory illness. Symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat, and stuffy nose. CMV frequently has no symptoms ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 138-139. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 135. Question 7: (see full question) A nurse is assessing a 66-year-old man who is HIV-positive. The patient has been prescribed didanosine (Videx). It would be most important to question the patient about which of the following? High-calorie diet Alcohol use Even though it is important for the nurse to assess the patient's diet, activity level, and fluid intake, it is most important to assess the patient's use of alcohol. Two potential ... (more) Question 8: (see full question) The nurse is teaching a client with HIV about his new antiviral drug regimen. Which client statement would suggest that the teaching plan was effective? "I will have to remain on this drug regimen until I have been cured." "I should expect some nausea and vomiting." Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia are common adverse effects of antiviral drugs. Effective therapy relies on adherence to the prescribed dosing schedule; although clients sh ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 139, 149-155. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 146. Question 9: (see full question) The nurse is reviewing the medication instruction for the patient taking acyclovir. Which of the following would indicate the need for additional teaching? "This medication will cure my disease." Acyclovir does not cure the viral infection; it only decreases the symptoms and severity of the disease. It is important to complete the entire course of therapy. The development o ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 145-146. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 136, 141, 150-151, 153, 154. Question 10: (see full question) A patient is administered a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor in combination with a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. What is the expected outcome when administering these medications together? They decrease the length of illness. They have synergistic antiviral effects. Because the two types of drugs inhibit reverse transcriptase by different mechanisms, they may have synergistic antiviral effects. The use of two medications may decrease complianc ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 150-156. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 155. Question 11: (see full question) The nursing student asks the instructor why it is more difficult to develop antiviral drugs than anti-infectives. The nursing instructor's best reply would be which of the following? Viruses are tiny and replicate inside cells, changing how cells work. Antiviral medications are limited in their ability to treat viral infections because viruses are tiny and replicate inside cells, changing how cells work, depending on the type of ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 138. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134-135. Question 12: (see full question) Which was the first class of drugs developed to treat HIV infections? Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as didanosine and zidovudine, were the first class of drugs developed to treat HIV infection. Of the classes listed, fusion inhibi ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 149. Question 13: (see full question) A female patient with a diagnosis of HIV is being treated with a drug regimen that includes saquinavir. Which of the following teaching points should the nurse include in patient education related to the use of saquinavir? (Select all that apply.) • “If you get diarrhea, it's okay to take an over-the-counter remedy to resolve it.” • “Tell your doctor if you're seeing a large increase in your appetite or thirst or if you're passing a lot of urine.” • “Remember that you're still able to pass HIV on to a sex partner even though you're being treated.” • “Remember that you're still able to pass HIV on to a sex partner even though you're being treated.” • “Tell your doctor if you're seeing a large increase in your appetite or thirst or if you're passing a lot of urine.” • “If you notice that your skin or the whites of your eyes are yellowed, seek care as soon as possible.” • “If you get diarrhea, it's okay to take an over-the-counter remedy to resolve it.” Saquinavir does not cure HIV. Patients must take precautions to avoid exposing others to HIV. Patients should be made aware of the potential for diabetes and jaundice. Diarrhea may ... (more) Question 14: (see full question) Which of the following blocks the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature? Entry inhibitors Protease inhibitors Protease inhibitors block the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 137, 141, 146, 151, 157. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134, 146. Question 15: (see full question) The patient with AIDS is infected with a retrovirus. This virus is better known as which of the following? HIV HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a retrovirus. CMV stands for cytomegalovirus. HSV refers to herpes simplex virus. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 137. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 135. Question 16: (see full question) A 21-year-old male is being started on zidovudine (AZT) for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Which of the following statements made by the patient indicate that he has understood the patient teaching? “Zidovudine (AZT) inactivates the virus and prevents recurrence of the disease.” “Zidovudine (AZT) slows the progression of the disease but does not cure it.” Zidovudine slows the progression of the disease but does not cure the disease. Zidovudine does not inactivate the virus. Zidovudine does not result in resistant strains. Zidovudine ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 155, 156. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 136, 149-150. Question 17: A friend indicates he was diagnosed with oral herpes simplex and (see full question) prescribed a topical antiviral for treatment of outbreaks. From your pharmacology class, you learned that: Most antivirals increase viral replication. Antivirals do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Most antivirals inhibit viral reproduction but do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Protection conferred by chemoprophylaxis is immediate but lasts only while the drug is being t ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 146, 155-156, 159- 160. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 150. Question 18: (see full question) A 70-year-old man is being treated for herpes zoster virus. He has been prescribed acyclovir (Zovirax). The clinic nurse should prioritize assessments of which of the following? Renal function The risk for nephrotoxicity is higher in older patients because with advancing age, renal function diminishes and drug excretion becomes less effective. Serious adverse effects or ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 144-146. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 141. Question 19: (see full question) The nurse is caring for a 3-year-old with HIV. The nurse knows that, when administering antiviral drug therapy in young children with HIV, dosage calculations are typically based on: the client's body surface area. the client's weight. In the pediatric client population, dosage is typically based on the client's weight. Pediatric dosage recommendations have not been established for several common antivirals used ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 143. Question 20: (see full question) The nurse is caring for a patient who has HIV and is taking saquinavir therapy. What should the nurse include in the dietary education for this patient? The patient should not take this medication with grapefruit or pomegranate juice. Assess the dietary habits of the patient taking saquinavir. Because of the potential for hyperlipidemia, limit high-fat and high- cholesterol foods. Assess alcohol consumption beca ... (more) Question 1: (see full question) The statement, "Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections," is which type of statement? True Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, but if a person has a bacterial infection in addition to a viral infection, an antibiotic is often necessary. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134-135. Question 2: (see full question) Your 45-year-old client is prescribed acyclovir for treatment of genital herpes. Which of the following is an expected outcome for this client? The client will experience fewer recurrences. Acyclovir and other antiviral medications can be prescribed to reduce the lesions, pain, and itching associated with herpes simplex infections. When administered as prophylaxis, tr ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 145-146. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Question 3: (see full question) A 24-year-old client is treated with acyclovir for herpes. The client also has a history of epilepsy. What would indicate a serious reaction to the drug? The client has a change in bowel elimination pattern. The client is having tremors, which are more pronounced at rest. IV acyclovir should be used with caution in ckients with renal disease and preexisting neurologic disorders, especially seizures. Systemic acyclovir is excreted primarily by glomer ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 144-145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 141. Question 4: (see full question) Which blood test confirms the presence of antibodies to HIV? Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) ELISA, as well as Western blot assay, identifies and confirms the presence of antibodies to HIV. The ESR is an indicator of the presence of inflammation in the body. The p24 anti ... (more) Question 5: (see full question) When focusing on the lifestyle of the patient with HIV, what are important teaching considerations? (Select all that apply.) • Take drug therapy as prescribed. • Advise the patient about the adverse effect of granulocytopenia. • Transmission can occur while on medication. It is important to assess the patient's understanding of HIV transmission and to explain that despite drug therapy, the patient can still transmit HIV to others. In addition, asses ... (more) Question 6: (see full question) An elderly patient is admitted to the medical floor with pustules on her body that travel along the nerve route in her legs and arms. The physician prescribes the drug acyclovir (Zovirax). What disease is this patient demonstrating? Shingles The patient has herpes zoster virus (shingles). CMV is a virus with symptoms that include malaise, fever, pneumonia, and superinfection. Herpes simplex causes oral, ocular, or faci ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 143-145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 139. Question 7: (see full question) A patient may experience an acute exacerbation of hepatitis B if entecavir, adefovir, or telbifudine therapy is stopped. True potential risk for hepatitis B exacerbation could occur when the drugs are stopped. Therefore, teach patients the importance of not running out of their drugs and use extreme cauti ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 158. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 153. Question 8: (see full question) A male patient is taking indinavir (Crixivan) for HIV. To decrease the risk of kidney stones, the nurse's teaching plan will include which of the following? Decrease fatty foods in his diet Drink 1 to 2 L of water a day Indinavir may produce severe adverse effects such as kidney stones. To decrease the potential for kidney stones, the patient should drink at least 1 to 2 L of water a day. Increasi ... (more) Question 9: (see full question) To prevent viral infections, what precaution should the general public take? Wear masks. Become vaccinated against prevalent virus infections. Vaccinations, avoiding contact with people who have viral infections, and thorough hand hygiene are effective ways to prevent viral infections. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 139, 159. Question 10: (see full question) A nurse is explaining the use of acyclovir therapy to a 72-year-old man. Nephrotoxicity is discussed as a major adverse effect in older patients. To minimize the risk of the patient developing this adverse effect, the nurse will advise him to decrease the drug dosage if initial symptoms of nephrotoxicity appear. stay well hydrated by drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water daily. To minimize the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, the patient should stay well hydrated by drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water daily. Eating light meals or taking the dr ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 141. Question 11: (see full question) A woman 45 years of age just received a heart transplant. One of her medications is ganciclovir. The nurse knows that the provider prescribed this medication to: prevent anemia and leukopenia. prevent CMV infection due to being immunocompromised. Ganciclovir is given often to transplant clients to prevent CMV infection. Ganciclovir is not used for blood pressure regulation; it is an antiviral agent. Ganciclovir is not presc ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 160. Question 12: (see full question) Which is usually the most important consideration in decisions to initiate antiretroviral therapy? Western Blot assay CD4 counts The most important consideration in decisions to initiate antiretroviral therapy is CD4 counts. Question 13: (see full question) The nursing instructor realizes that a student needs further explanation when the student makes which of the following statements? "Antiviral drugs will not prevent the spread of the disease to others." "Antivirals are the cure for viral infections." Antiviral drugs are not a cure for viral infections, but they will shorten the course of disease outbreaks and promote healing of the lesions. All of the other statements are true. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 146, 155-156, 159- 160. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134-135. Question 14: Antiretroviral medications should be offered to individuals with T- (see full question) cell counts of less than: 50 cell/mm3. 350 cell/mm3. In general, antiretroviral medications should be offered to individuals with a T-cell count of less than 350 cell/mm3 or plasma HIV RNA levels exceeding 100,000 copies/mL. Question 15: (see full question) A patient with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection is scheduled to begin a new treatment regimen that will include adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera). What assessments should be prioritized before the initiation of this drug treatment? Liver function testing and HIV testing HIV testing should be offered to all patients prior to initiation of adefovir therapy and analysis of hepatic function should be performed, both in light of potential adverse drug ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 158-159. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 153. Question 16: (see full question) A patient being treated for HIV with saquinavir informs the nurse they he has been "suffering from depression" and taking St. John's wort to help. What is important for the nurse to discuss with this patient? Refraining from use of St. John's wort, which can cause decreased effectiveness of saquinavir St. John's wort induces metabolism of saquinavir, resulting in decreased efficacy. The nurse should monitor for opportunistic infections and advise the patient to refrain from the ... (more) Question 17: (see full question) A client has been treated with abacavir for the past 6 weeks. The client contacts the physician's office with reports of diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath. Which is the appropriate action to take for this situation? Reduce the dose. Discontinue the therapy. Hypersensitivity is a common adverse effect of abacavir that usually appears within 6 weeks of beginning therapy. Abacavir treatment should be discontinued if any signs of hypersen ... (more) Question 18: (see full question) A client for whom antiretroviral therapy has been prescribed informs the nurse that the client is taking oral contraceptives. What should the nurse inform the client is one of the effects of combining birth control pills with antiretroviral therapy? Decreases effectiveness of antiviral therapy Decreases effectiveness of birth control pills Antiretrovirals decrease the effectiveness of oral birth control agents. Combining antiretrovirals with birth control pills does not, however, increase the risk of vaginal bleeding ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140-142, 149. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 138, 142. Question 19: (see full question) The nurse is performing an assessment of a patient taking saquinavir for HIV and observes the viral load is considerably higher than the previous test. What priority information should the nurse obtain from the patient? Obtain information about the patient's alcohol use. Obtain information about adherence to the medication regimen. Assess the patient's ability and willingness to adhere to drug therapy. Adherence to the saquinavir drug regimen is crucial. Viral load may increase dramatically when saquinavir is ... (more) Question 20: (see full question) Children younger than the age of 12 years should not receive indinavir. True Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 152. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 148. Question 1: (see full question) A patient is administered a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor in combination with a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. What is the expected outcome when administering these medications together? They have synergistic antiviral effects. Because the two types of drugs inhibit reverse transcriptase by different mechanisms, they may have synergistic antiviral effects. The use of two medications may decrease complianc ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 150-156. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 155. Question 2: (see full question) A client who is one day postoperative organ transplant learns about the CMV-IGIV immunization agent from the nurse after voicing concern about the potential for a virus infection. The client confirms understanding of the information and then asks if the agent has adverse effects. The nurse spends additional time teaching the client about which expected adverse reactions after CMV-IGIV administration? CMV-IGIV can cause arthralgia, malaise, nausea, headache, chills, and fever. CMV-IGIV can cause injection site pain and tenderness, muscle stiffness, headache, chills, and fever. CMV-IGIV can cause injection site pain and tenderness, muscle stiffness, headache, chills, and fever. Itching, burning, rash, rhinitis, arthralgia, malaise, and nausea are not expe ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 144. Question 3: (see full question) A 16-year-old has come to the clinic and asks to talk to a nurse. The nurse asks the teen what she needs and the teen responds that she has become sexually active and is concerned about getting HIV. The teen asks the nurse what she can do keep from getting HIV. What would be the nurse’s best response? “Other than abstinence, only the consistent and use of condoms is effective in decreasing the risk of getting HIV.” Other than abstinence, only the consistent and use of condoms is effective in decreasing the risk of getting HIV. Question 4: (see full question) Which of the following prevent enzymes from integrating HIV genetic material into the host cell's DNA? Entry inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Integrase inhibitors prevent enzymes from integrating HIV genetic material into the host cell's DNA. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 137, 141, 146, 154, 157. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134, 149. Question 5: (see full question) The nurse is caring for a 3-year-old with HIV. The nurse knows that, when administering antiviral drug therapy in young children with HIV, dosage calculations are typically based on: the client's weight. In the pediatric client population, dosage is typically based on the client's weight. Pediatric dosage recommendations have not been established for several common antivirals used ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 143. Question 6: (see full question) A HIV-positive patient is being treated with didanosine as part of the antiretroviral therapy. Which of the following symptoms should the nurse monitor for and immediately report to the care provider? Peripheral neuropathy The nurse should immediately report symptoms of peripheral neuropathy to the care provider. Headache and taste alteration are some of the mild adverse effects of the drug and are n ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 150. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 146. Question 7: (see full question) A nurse starts an intravenous (IV) line on a patient. Not using the safety, the nurse punctures the finger on her left hand with the bloody needle. What is the nurse's risk of becoming infected with HIV? This nurse will develop HIV due to the exposure to a bloody needle. This nurse has in increased risk of seroconversion. A needle stick with a needle visibly contaminated with the patient's blood or an exposure after a procedure that involved a needle being placed directly in a vein or artery would i ... (more) Question 8: (see full question) Which of the following blocks the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature? Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Protease inhibitors Protease inhibitors block the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 137, 141, 146, 151, 157. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134, 146. Question 9: (see full question) A patient with AIDS is being prepared for discharge. The nurse caring for the patient with AIDS knows the patient receives Agenerase. What dietary counseling will the nurse provide based upon the patient’s medication regimen? Avoid high-fat meals while taking this medication Patients taking the protease inhibitor Amprenavir (APV) or Agenerase should be advised to avoid high-fat meals. High-fat meals decrease the blood concentration of this drug by 21%. ... (more) Question 10: (see full question) What can the nurse do to maximize a patient's adherence to the medication regimen? Teach that patients who do not take the medication could have poor outcomes. As an advocate of the patient, discuss benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy as well as administration. Nurses play a pivotal role in maximizing adherence to antiretroviral regimens. As patient advocates and educators, nurses must be able to discuss and inform patients about the pote ... (more) Question 11: (see full question) The nurse is teaching a client with HIV about his new antiviral drug regimen. Which client statement would suggest that the teaching plan was effective? "I should expect some nausea and vomiting." Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia are common adverse effects of antiviral drugs. Effective therapy relies on adherence to the prescribed dosing schedule; although clients sh ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 139, 149-155. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 146. Question 12: (see full question) A patient is being tested for HIV using the EIA (enzyme immunoassay). The EIA shows antibodies. The nurse expects the physician to order what test to confirm the EIA test results? Western blot test The Western blot test detects antibodies to HIV and is used to confirm EIA test results. The viral load test measures HIV RNA in the plasma and is not used to confirm EIA test resu ... (more) Question 13: (see full question) For which of the following patients would treatment with acyclovir be most clearly indicated? A 77-year-old whose recent debilitating pain has been attributed to a herpes zoster infection Acyclovir is indicated for the treatment of herpesviruses, including HSV, herpes zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and CMV; it is not effective against hepatitis or RSV. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 143-144. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Question 14: (see full question) A friend indicates he was diagnosed with oral herpes simplex and prescribed a topical antiviral for treatment of outbreaks. From your pharmacology class, you learned that: Once antivirals are used, protection lasts for 3 weeks after the last dose. Antivirals do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Most antivirals inhibit viral reproduction but do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Protection conferred by chemoprophylaxis is immediate but lasts only while the drug is being t ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 146, 155-156, 159- 160. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 150. Question 15: (see full question) A nurse is explaining the rationale for the use of combination therapy in the treatment of HIV infections. Which would the nurse include as the primary reason? Using several drugs at once helps to improve the client’s immune response. The use of multiple drugs allows attack on the virus at different points in its life cycle. HIV mutates over time, presenting a slightly different configuration with each new generation. Thus, multiple drugs are used to attack the virus at various points in the life cycle ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 146. Question 16: (see full question) When describing the action of an integrase inhibitor, the nurse understands that this class of drug acts by which mechanism? Blocking the receptor site that HIV virus needs to interact with to enter the cell Inhibiting the activity of a virus specific encoded enzyme needed for viral replication Integrase inhibitors inhibit the activity of a virus-specific enzyme, integrase, an encoded enzyme needed for viral replication. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevent ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 137, 141, 154, 157. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 152. Question 17: (see full question) An HIV-positive patient comes to the clinic and asks the nurse if she should receive a flu vaccine. The patient states, "I never get the flu, so why should I take it?" What is the best response by the nurse? "All HIV-positive patients should receive the flu vaccine as prophylaxis." Every HIV-positive patient should receive annual influenza virus prophylaxis. The preferred drug is inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine, one dose annually. Question 18: (see full question) Jeff's mother tells you that she finds it difficult to give ritonavir solution to him. Jeff is an 8-year-old boy suffering from HIV infection. Your advice is to combine the drug with chocolate milk, which will mask its bitter taste. Which of the following actions is important for Jeff's mother to learn? Refrigerate the milk and the drug. Have Jeff drink the milk with the drug within 1 hour of mixing. Children are frequently given the ritonavir oral solution; however, it has a very bitter taste. As a result, it is advised to combine it with chocolate milk to mask its taste. Howe ... (more) Question 19: (see full question) There are many antiviral medications on the market. What is the clinical reason for this? Each medication is effective against a large number of viral infections. Each medication is only effective against a small number of specific viral infections. Antiviral drugs have limited use because each one is effective against a small number of specific viral infections, so different drugs are needed for different types of viral infec ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Question 20: (see full question) Which statement reflects the treatment of HIV infection? Treatment of HIV infection for an individual client is based on the clinical condition of the client, CD4 T cell count level, and HIV RNA (viral load). Although specific therapies vary, treatment of HIV infection for an individual client is based on three factors: the clinical condition of the client, CD4 T cell count level, and H ... (more) Question 1: (see full question) A 58-year-old with HIV is starting treatment with Combivir. He currently has a CD4+ cell count of less than 200 cells/mL and a viral load greater than 45,000 copies/mL. The nurse treating the client knows that what is a sign of effective drug therapy? Decreased CD4+ cell counts Increased CD4+ cell counts Signs of effective drug therapy in clients with HIV include increased CD4+ (T helper) cell counts and decreased viral load. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 146, 161. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 149. Question 2: (see full question) A nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with AIDS. The family comes to visit and a family member asks the nurse about safety when visiting a client with AIDS. What is the best response for addressing the family member's fears? “Why do you think you are at risk?” “AIDS is commonly transmitted by contact with blood and body fluids.” AIDS is commonly transmitted by contact with blood and body fluids. A client who is infected with HIV should refrain from unprotected oral sex, use a condom with a water-soluble lu ... (more) Question 3: (see full question) A client who is HIV positive is taking zidovudine. Which adverse effects should the nurse closely monitor for in this client? Anemia and granulocytopenia The most common adverse effects associated with the administration of zidovudine are anemia and granulocytopenia. The drug does not cause numbness in the extremities, alterations i ... (more) Question 4: (see full question) A nurse is explaining the use of acyclovir therapy to a 72-year-old man. Nephrotoxicity is discussed as a major adverse effect in older patients. To minimize the risk of the patient developing this adverse effect, the nurse will advise him to stay well hydrated by drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water daily. To minimize the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, the patient should stay well hydrated by drinking at least eight 8-oz glasses of water daily. Eating light meals or taking the dr ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 141. Question 5: (see full question) A 24-year-old client is treated with acyclovir for herpes. The client also has a history of epilepsy. What would indicate a serious reaction to the drug? The client is having tremors, which are more pronounced at rest. IV acyclovir should be used with caution in ckients with renal disease and preexisting neurologic disorders, especially seizures. Systemic acyclovir is excreted primarily by glomer ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 144-145. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 141. Question 6: (see full question) A nurse is filling out discharge papers for a client taking Tamiflu for influenza A. The nurse notes on the intake pharmacology history that the client takes sildenafil occasionally. What teaching point is important for this client? (Select all that apply.) • Sildenafil can cause prolonged erections, which is a benefit for some older men. Encourage the client to continue having sexual relations so that he can feel good about himself. • Tamiflu is very expensive, so the client should ask the primary care provider if it's necessary to take it. • Sildenafil can react with some antiviral medications and cause hypotension, visual disturbances, and prolonged erection. The client should report any of these side effects to his provider. • Sildenafil can react with some antiviral medications and cause hypotension, visual disturbances, and prolonged erection. The client should report any of these side effects to his provider. There is an increased risk of side effects such as hypotension, visual disturbances, and prolonged erection when taking antiviral medication and sildenafil together. The cost of a ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 141-142. Question 7: (see full question) An HIV-positive patient has a positive baseline tuberculin skin test. What is the next step for this patient? Schedule a chest x-ray. All HIV-positive patients who have positive tuberculin skin test results should undergo chest radiography. For patients with positive TST findings and normal chest x-ray findings, ... (more) Question 8: (see full question) A nurse is assessing a 66-year-old man who is HIV-positive. The patient has been prescribed didanosine (Videx). It would be most important to question the patient about which of the following? Alcohol use Even though it is important for the nurse to assess the patient's diet, activity level, and fluid intake, it is most important to assess the patient's use of alcohol. Two potential ... (more) Question 9: (see full question) A client has been treated with abacavir for the past 6 weeks. The client contacts the physician's office with reports of diarrhea, abdominal pain, sore throat, cough, and shortness of breath. Which is the appropriate action to take for this situation? Discontinue the therapy. Hypersensitivity is a common adverse effect of abacavir that usually appears within 6 weeks of beginning therapy. Abacavir treatment should be discontinued if any signs of hypersen ... (more) Question 10: (see full question) What statement made by the patient indicates to the nurse that the patient does not understand the transmission of HIV? "As long as I am taking the HAART therapy, I cannot transmit the virus to anyone else." It is important to assess the patient's understanding of HIV transmission and to explain that despite drug therapy, the patient can still transmit HIV to others. In addition, asses ... (more) Question 11: (see full question) A nurse is preparing to administer famciclovir to a client with a herpes virus infection. The nurse should expect to administer this drug by which route? Subcutaneous Oral Famiciclovir is administered orally. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 143-144. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 139. Question 12: (see full question) A school nurse is talking with a health class of freshman high school students about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). What patient would the nurse tell the students is at the greatest risk of contracting HIV? Injecting drug user Risk factors for HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) include being an injecting drug user, male homosexual, heterosexual with an infected partner, and recipient of bl ... (more) Question 13: (see full question) A male patient is taking indinavir (Crixivan) for HIV. To decrease the risk of kidney stones, the nurse's teaching plan will include which of the following? Decrease fatty foods in his diet Drink 1 to 2 L of water a day Indinavir may produce severe adverse effects such as kidney stones. To decrease the potential for kidney stones, the patient should drink at least 1 to 2 L of water a day. Increasi ... (more) Question 14: (see full question) A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with HIV. The client wants to know when they will be started on medication for their disease. What would be the nurse’s best response? if the client has a CD4 T-cell count less than 350 cells/mm3 The current guideline is to initiate treatment if the client develops an AIDS-defining illness or has a CD4 T-cell count less than 350 cells/mm3. Antiretroviral drug therapy is also ... (more) Question 15: (see full question) A 21-year-old male is being started on zidovudine (AZT) for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Which of the following statements made by the patient indicate that he has understood the patient teaching? “Zidovudine (AZT) slows the progression of the disease but does not cure it.” Zidovudine slows the progression of the disease but does not cure the disease. Zidovudine does not inactivate the virus. Zidovudine does not result in resistant strains. Zidovudine ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 155, 156. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 136, 149-150. Question 16: (see full question) Which is usually the most important consideration in decisions to initiate antiretroviral therapy? CD4 counts The most important consideration in decisions to initiate antiretroviral therapy is CD4 counts. Question 17: (see full question) The nursing instructor realizes that a student needs further explanation when the student makes which of the following statements? "Antivirals are the cure for viral infections." Antiviral drugs are not a cure for viral infections, but they will shorten the course of disease outbreaks and promote healing of the lesions. All of the other statements are true. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 146, 155-156, 159- 160. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134-135. Question 18: The nurse is performing an assessment of a patient taking (see full question) saquinavir for HIV and observes the viral load is considerably higher than the previous test. What priority information should the nurse obtain from the patient? Obtain information about adherence to the medication regimen. Assess the patient's ability and willingness to adhere to drug therapy. Adherence to the saquinavir drug regimen is crucial. Viral load may increase dramatically when saquinavir is ... (more) Question 19: (see full question) A patient diagnosed with acute primary HIV infection is in the clinic. What treatment should be initiated for this patient? Zidovudine therapy once daily Combination antiretroviral therapy People with acute primary HIV infection should be treated with combination antiretroviral therapy to suppress virus replication to levels below the limit of detection of sensitive ... (more) Question 20: (see full question) A client for whom antiretroviral therapy has been prescribed informs the nurse that the client is taking oral contraceptives. What should the nurse inform the client is one of the effects of combining birth control pills with antiretroviral therapy? Decreases effectiveness of birth control pills Antiretrovirals decrease the effectiveness of oral birth control agents. Combining antiretrovirals with birth control pills does not, however, increase the risk of vaginal bleeding ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Question 1: (see full question) While providing care to a client with HIV infection, the nurse knows that reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that retroviruses use to affect RNA and DNA to turn: viral DNA into viral RNA. viral RNA into viral DNA. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that retroviruses use to turn RNA in the virus into viral DNA. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 149-150. Question 2: (see full question) There are many antiviral medications on the market. What is the clinical reason for this? Each medication is only effective against a small number of specific viral infections. Antiviral drugs have limited use because each one is effective against a small number of specific viral infections, so different drugs are needed for different types of viral infec ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 140. Question 3: (see full question) A woman 45 years of age just received a heart transplant. One of her medications is ganciclovir. The nurse knows that the provider prescribed this medication to: prevent CMV infection due to being immunocompromised. Ganciclovir is given often to transplant clients to prevent CMV infection. Ganciclovir is not used for blood pressure regulation; it is an antiviral agent. Ganciclovir is not presc ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 160. Question 4: (see full question) Which of the following blocks the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature? Protease inhibitors Protease inhibitors block the protease enzyme so new viral particles cannot mature. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 137, 141, 146, 151, 157. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134, 146. Question 5: (see full question) The patient with AIDS is infected with a retrovirus. This virus is better known as which of the following? HIV HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a retrovirus. CMV stands for cytomegalovirus. HSV refers to herpes simplex virus. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 137. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 135. Question 6: (see full question) A nurse starts an intravenous (IV) line on a patient. Not using the safety, the nurse punctures the finger on her left hand with the bloody needle. What is the nurse's risk of becoming infected with HIV? This nurse has in increased risk of seroconversion. A needle stick with a needle visibly contaminated with the patient's blood or an exposure after a procedure that involved a needle being placed directly in a vein or artery would i ... (more) Question 7: (see full question) A nurse is preparing to administer intravenous acyclovir to a patient with a herpes simplex viral infection. The physician has ordered 5 mg/kg q8h. The patient weighs 60 kg. How much medication will the patient receive in each dose? 300 mg Each dose will contain 300 mg of acyclovir. (60 kg × 5 mg/kg = 300 mg.) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 144. Question 8: (see full question) A 70-year-old man is being treated for herpes zoster virus. He has been prescribed acyclovir (Zovirax). The clinic nurse should prioritize assessments of which of the following? Renal function The risk for nephrotoxicity is higher in older patients because with advancing age, renal function diminishes and drug excretion becomes less effective. Serious adverse effects or ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 144-146. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 141. Question 9: (see full question) Jeff's mother tells you that she finds it difficult to give ritonavir solution to him. Jeff is an 8-year-old boy suffering from HIV infection. Your advice is to combine the drug with chocolate milk, which will mask its bitter taste. Which of the following actions is important for Jeff's mother to learn? Have Jeff drink the milk with the drug within 1 hour of mixing. Children are frequently given the ritonavir oral solution; however, it has a very bitter taste. As a result, it is advised to combine it with chocolate milk to mask its taste. Howe ... (more) Question 10: (see full question) The nurse is reviewing the medication instruction for the patient taking acyclovir. Which of the following would indicate the need for additional teaching? "This medication will cure my disease." Acyclovir does not cure the viral infection; it only decreases the symptoms and severity of the disease. It is important to complete the entire course of therapy. The development o ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 145-146. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 136, 141, 150-151, 153, 154. Question 11: (see full question) Drugs used to combat influenza and respiratory viruses act to inhibit viral DNA replication. True False The exact mechanism of action of drugs to treat influenza and respiratory viruses is not known. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 139. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 135. Question 12: (see full question) A client who is one day postoperative organ transplant learns about the CMV-IGIV immunization agent from the nurse after voicing concern about the potential for a virus infection. The client confirms understanding of the information and then asks if the agent has adverse effects. The nurse spends additional time teaching the client about which expected adverse reactions after CMV-IGIV administration? CMV-IGIV can cause injection site pain and tenderness, muscle stiffness, headache, chills, and fever. CMV-IGIV can cause injection site pain and tenderness, muscle stiffness, headache, chills, and fever. Itching, burning, rash, rhinitis, arthralgia, malaise, and nausea are not expe ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 144. Question 13: (see full question) A client is diagnosed with cytomegalovirus infection and is to receive foscarnet. The nurse would expect to administer this drug by which route? Oral Intravenous Foscarnet is available only for intravenous use. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 143. Question 14: (see full question) The nurse is caring for a client who is HIV positive. What laboratory test is used to determine this client’s ability to fight against viral infections? CD4 The CD4 count is the laboratory test used to determine a client’s ability to fight against infections in a client with HIV. A BUN measures kidney function, an AST monit ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 146. Question 15: (see full question) The nursing student asks the instructor why it is more difficult to develop antiviral drugs than anti-infectives. The nursing instructor's best reply would be which of the following? Viruses are tiny and replicate inside cells, changing how cells work. Antiviral medications are limited in their ability to treat viral infections because viruses are tiny and replicate inside cells, changing how cells work, depending on the type of ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 138. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 134-135. Question 16: A friend indicates he was diagnosed with oral herpes simplex and (see full question) prescribed a topical antiviral for treatment of outbreaks. From your pharmacology class, you learned that: Antivirals do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Most antivirals inhibit viral reproduction but do not eliminate viruses from tissues. Protection conferred by chemoprophylaxis is immediate but lasts only while the drug is being t ... (more) Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 6th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, pp. 140, 146, 155-156, 159- 160. Karch, A.M. Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 5th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, Chapter 10: Antiviral Agents, p. 150. Question 17: (see full question) What can the nurse do to maximize a patient's adherence to the medication regimen? As an advocate of the patient, discuss benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy as well as administ